Chemical Oceanography Flashcards
The only compound found on earth in large quantities in the liquid state
The only compound found on earth in all three states; solid, liquid, gas
All known life forms require water for their existence
Water
Deep ditch or channel cut in the earth by running water after a prolonged downpour.
Gullies
___ of earth covered with water
___ of the human body made up of water
70%, 67%
A person can live a month without food, but only a __ without water.
Week
Water Biological Importance:
1. (State the Equation)
2.
- Photosynthesis CO2 + H20 = CH2O + O2
- Transport dissolved and solid materials in living things
As water cycles around, it undergoes chemical reactions with atmospheric gases, rocks, plants, and other substances = ___?
Hydrological Cycle, Change in Water Composition
Properties of Water:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
- Maximum density at 4deg C
- High heat capacity
- High melting temperature
- High boiling point
- High heat of vaporization
- High surface tension
- Universal solvent
- Reason why liquid water is unusual lies in the way the molecules of liquid water associate with one another to form an ordered structure
- There is a relationship between ____ and its properties
Water Structure
Tetrahedal angle is ___, in water angle is ___. Water molecules are asymmetrical is shape with the two hydrogen molecules at one end, separated by ___ when in the gaseous or liquid phase and ___ when ice.
109.5, 104.5, 105 degrees, 109.5 degrees
H atoms joined to the O by 2 _____.
Has + end (H) and - end (O) = _____ or ____
Covalent Bonds, Charge Distortion, Dipole
- Because water molecules act as dipole, it forms H bonds with other molecules
- +ly charged H atom of 1 water molecule attracted to unshared, negatively charged e pair in another water molecule to form H bonds
- ___ gives water its unusual qualities
- H bonds constantly form and break
Hydrogen Bonding / H Bonding
- Due to this, water forms a perfect tetrahedron (109.5 deg)
- Expands due to need for more room to hold the crystal in place (mean volume increases)
- Volume ____, Density ____, hence ice is lighter, it FLOATS
Density, Increases, Decreases
Water ____ as it freezes.
Volume increases hence density decreases (D=mass/vol); ice ____.
Expands, Floats
Density = ___?
Solid State: Volume ___, Density ___
Liquid State: Volume ___, Density ___
Gaseous State: Volume ___, Density ___
Mass
Increase, Decrease
Decrease, Increase
Decrease, Increase
Maximum Density at ?
4 Degree Celsius
Application of Density:
1. Also Called ____?
2.
- Density characteristics important for freshwater lakes in mid latitudes, Spring overturn
- Expansion of water important in the physical weathering of rocks
Freezing Point = _____: ___?
Boiling Point= ____: ___?
Melting Point, 0 Celsius
Condensation Point, 100 Celsius
Boiling Point Equation:
- water different, boils at 100oC instead of -80oC - due to ___ (acts to hold molecule in place)
- charge distortion ___ between H and O than H and S
- hence H2O liquid at room temp, H2S gas at room temp
H2O > H2Te > H2Se > H2S, H Bonds, Highest
High Boiling and Melting Point Application:
1.
- Permits water to exist as liquid in the earth’s surface
- amount of heat required to raise the temp of substance by 1oC (Unit: cal/oC/g)
- water has high ___, a lot of energy needed to break ___ before there is an increase in temp
- Heat Capacity per unit mass?
Heat Capacity, H Bonds, Specific Heat
Water has the ___ heat capacity of any common liquid or solid at ___?
Highest, 1 Cal/Celsius
Application of High Heat Capacity:
*
*
- Helps moderate climate (buffer for climate change)
- Keeps the equator bearable