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MS 101 LE 3 > Bio Oceans in Action > Flashcards

Bio Oceans in Action Flashcards

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1
Q
  • Prevents erosion, filters water from land
  • Nursery and feeding area
  • Produces nutrients
A

Mangroves

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2
Q
  • Binds sediments, filters water from land
  • Nursery, feeding and spawning area
  • Produces nutrients
A

Seagrass

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3
Q
  • Physical buffer
  • Varied habitat, feeding and spawning area
  • Produces nutrients
A

Coral Reefs

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4
Q

___ are extraordinary ecosystems, providing many goods and services to human beings. These particularly include fisheries, forest products, pollution abatement, carbon sequestration and coastal protection against natural calamities such as tsunami and cyclones.

A

Mangroves

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5
Q

Red/Brown/Green Algae -> ___ -> ___ or ___

A

Red/Brown/Green Algae -> Land Plants -> Mangroves or Seagrass

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6
Q

Constraints imposed by Habitat:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Wave, currents, tidal changes
  2. Salty Medium
  3. Nutrient Availability
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7
Q

Tropical and Subtropical trees and shrubs that occur in the intertidal and shallow subtidal zones.

A

Mangroves

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8
Q
  • Only occur in Mangal
  • Morphological adaptations for gas exchange
  • Physiological mechanisms for salinity
  • Ability to form pure stands
A

True Mangroves

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9
Q

Mangrove Adaptations to Marine Life:
1. Exclusion, Sequester in Tissue (Bark, Stem, Root)
2. For Anchorage
3. Aerial roots transport O2 from air to underground roots

A
  1. Salt Tolerance
  2. Prop Roots
  3. Pneumatophores
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10
Q

Results from different tolerances to different factors: tidal inundation, exposure to waves and water currents, sedimentation, soil properties, salinity, light, species associations

A

Mangrove Species Zonation

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11
Q

All factors for mangrove species zonation increase toward shore:
1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Inundation
  2. Salinity
  3. Decreasing Soil Stability
  4. Sedimentation Rate
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12
Q

Monocot flowering plants which grow fully submerged and rooted in marine and estuarine environments. Also called pastures of the sea

A

Seagrasses

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13
Q

Seagrasses Adaptations to Marine Life:
1. Adaptation to life in saline medium
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Salt Extrusion
  2. Ability to Grow when fully submerged
  3. Hydrophilous pollination mechanism
  4. Possession of a secure anchoring system
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14
Q

Factors affecting species composition & zonation (Seagrass):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A
  1. Exposure
  2. Wave Action
  3. Turbidity
  4. Salinity
  5. Light Available for Photosynthesis
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15
Q
  • The great evolutionary achievement of scleractinians is their ability to exploit algal symbiosis to the fullest extent in order to build reefs.
  • A symbiotic algae, the ___, provides the host with nourishment while benefiting from the animal’s waste products and provided shelter
A

Coral Biology, Zooxanthellae

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16
Q

Environmental conditions necessary for coral growth
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

A
  1. Warm water
  2. Strong sunlight
  3. Strong wave or current action
  4. Lack of turbidity
  5. Salt water
  6. Hard substrate
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17
Q

Major Processes of Reef Growth Equation:
*

A

(Biological Accretion + Sediment Accretion) - Reef Erosion

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18
Q
  • Primary reef building organisms
  • Reef building organisms and materials imported
  • Physico-chemical and biological eroders
A
  • Biological Accretion
  • Sediment Accretion
  • Reef Erosion
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19
Q
  • ___ is positive carbonate accretion
  • A ___ is a discrete carbonate structure formed by in-situ or bound organic components that develops topographic relief upon the sea floor
A

Reef Growth, Reef

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20
Q

Stages of Development of Reef Systems:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Fringing Coral Reef
  2. Barrier Reef
  3. Atoll
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21
Q

Reefs typically restricted to relatively shallow, warm tropical waters between ____ and ____ due to enough light, not much sediments and pollution

A

30 Degrees N, 30 Degrees S

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22
Q

From the surface, organisms are ____?
From the bottom, organisms are mostly ___?

A

Mostly shelled organisms
Many soft-bodied organisms and algae

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23
Q

Marine Organisms living within the rocky intertidal zones
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

A
  1. Periwinkles
  2. Rock Louse
  3. Limpets
  4. Buckshot Barnacles
  5. Blue Mussel
  6. Rock Weed
  7. Acorn Barnacles
  8. Sea Anemone
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24
Q

Chemosynthesis Equation:

A

6H2S + 6H2O + 6CO2 + 6O2 -> C6H12O6 + 6H2SO4

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25
Q

Sulfur Oxidizing Bacteria:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A
  1. Tubeworms
  2. Vent Community
  3. Swarm of particulate-feeding shrimp at vent
  4. Mussels and tubeworms
  5. Giant white clams
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26
Q

Animals of the Pelagic Environment Types:
1. Drifting Animals
2. Swimming Animals

A
  1. Plankton
  2. Nekton
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27
Q

Marine animals avoid sinking by increasing ____ and ____.
- ____ - Slow moving fish

A

Buoyancy, Use of Gas Containers, Swim Bladders

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28
Q

To avoid sinking:
- ____ - Some produce fats or oils to stay afloat.
- ____ - Larger fish and marine animals

A

Zooplanktons (Ability to Float)
Nektons (Ability to Swim)

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29
Q

Microscopic Zooplankton have shells or tests and are highly abundant in oceans

A

Floating Zooplankton

30
Q

Type of Floating Zooplankton where:
- Silica Tests
- Intricately ornamented
- Spikes on test increase organism’s surface area

A

Radiolarians

31
Q

Type of Floating Zooplankton where:
- Very Small
- Planktonic most abundant, benthic most diverse
- Calcium carbonate tests that are chambered

A

Foraminifers

32
Q

Type of Floating Zooplankton where:
- Microscopic
- Shrimplike crustaceans
Segmented bodies, jointed legs
- Most of ocean’s zooplankton biomass

A

Copepods

33
Q

Type of MACROSCOPIC Zooplankton where:
- Crustaceans
- Resemble mini shrimp or large copepods
- Abundant near Antarctica
- Critical in Antarctic food chains

A

Krill

34
Q

Type of Floating Macroscopic Zooplankton:
- ____ - Soft bodies, stinging tentacles
- ____ - (Portuguese man of war), Gas-filled float
- ____ - Soft, low-density bodies

A
  • Cnidarians
  • Hydrozoan
  • Scyphozoan
35
Q
  • Nektonic
  • Fish, squids, sea turtles, marine mammals
  • Swim by trapping water and expelling it, e.g., some squid
  • Swim by curving body from front to back
A

Swimming Organisms

36
Q

Fin Designs in Fish
- Both dorsal and anal as Stabilizers
- For “Steering” and Balance
- For Thrust

A
  • Paired Vertical Fins
  • Paired pelvic fins and pectoral fins
  • Tail Fin (Caudal)
37
Q

____ - Tail
- Flexible, maneuver at slow speeds
- Useful for both maneuvering and thrust

A
  • Caudal Fins
  • Rounded caudal fins
  • Truncate Fins and Forked Fins
38
Q
  • Rigid, little maneuverability, and efficient propulsion for fast swimmers
  • Asymmetrical and lift for buoyancy (shark)
A
  • Lunate Fins
  • Heterocercal Fins
39
Q

Adaptations for Finding Prey
1.
- ____ wait for prey and pounce (grouper) and mainly white muscle tissue.
- ____ actively seek prey (tuna) and mostly red muscle tissue.

A
  1. Mobility
    - Lungers
    - Cruisers
40
Q
  • Smaller fibers than white
  • Higher concentrations of ____ (red pigment with oxygen affinity)
  • Supplies more oxygen
  • Higher metabolic rate for endurance
A

Red muscle tissue, Myoglobin

41
Q

Adaptations for Finding Prey (Complete)
1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Mobility
  2. Swimming Speed
  3. Speed generally proportional to size
  4. Can move very fast for short time (mainly to avoid predation)
42
Q
  • Most fish are cold-blooded, bodies same temperature as environment, and aren’t fast swimmers.
  • Some fish are warm-blooded, found in warmer environments, helps them capture prey
A
  • Poikilothermic
  • Homeothermic
43
Q

Adaptations of Deep-Water Nekton:
1. Mainly fish that consume ___ or each other
2.
3. Photophores
4.
5.
6.
7.

A
  1. Detritus
  2. Lack of abundant food
  3. Biolumincescence
  4. Large, sensitive eyes
  5. Large, sharp teeth
  6. Expendable Bodies
  7. Hinged Jaws
44
Q

A type of Adaptation to Avoid Predation:
- Safety in numbers
- ___ may appear as single larger unit
- ___ maneuvers confuse predators

A

Schooling, School, Schooling

45
Q

Types of Adaptation to Avoid Predation:
- Two or more organisms mutually benefit from association
- Less dominant organism benefits without harming host

A
  • Symbiosis
  • Commensalism
46
Q

Types of Adaptation to Avoid Predation:
- Both organisms benefit (e.g. clown fish and anemone)
- Parasite benefits at expense of host

A
  • Mutualism
  • Parasitism
47
Q

Marine Mammals:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

A
  1. Land-dwelling ancestors
  2. Warm-blooded
  3. Breathe air
  4. Hair/fur
  5. Bear live young
  6. Mammary glands for milk
48
Q

Major Marine Mammal Groups:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Order Carnivora
  2. Order Sirenia
  3. Order Cetacea
49
Q
  • Prominent Canine Teeth
  • Sea otters
  • Polar Bears
  • Pinnipeds (e.g. walruses, seals, sea lions, fur seals)
A

Order Carnivora

50
Q
  • Inhabit kelp in coastal, easter North Pacific
  • Extremely dense fur, lack insulating blubber
  • Hunted in 1800, made recovery
  • Eat many types of marine animals, use tools
  • High caloric needs
A

Sea Otters

51
Q
  • Massive webbed paws
  • Excellent Swimmers
  • Thick Fur, Hollow Hairs
  • Eat mostly Seals
A

Polar Bears

52
Q
  • Large bodies
  • Adults of both genders have ivory tusks
A

Walruses

53
Q
  • Also called ___ or ___
  • Differ from sea lions and fur seals
A

Seals, Earless Seals or True Seals

54
Q

Seals vs. Sea Lions and Fur Seals:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A
  1. Lack prominent ear flaps
  2. Have smaller front flippers
  3. Seals have fore flipper claws
  4. Different hip structures
  5. Different locomotion strategies
55
Q
  • Herbivores
  • Manatees (coastal areas of tropical Atlantic ocean)
  • Dugongs (coastal areas of Indian and western Pacific Oceans
A

Order Sirenia

56
Q
  • Whales, dolphins, porpoises
  • Elongated skull
  • Blowholes on top of skull
  • Few hairs
  • ___ - Horizontal tail fin for vertical propulsion
A

Order Cetacea, Fluke

57
Q

Order Cetacea: Adaptations to increase swimming speed:
1.
2.

A
  1. Streamlined bodies
  2. Specialized skin structure
58
Q

Order Cetacea: Adaptations for Deep Diving by ___ through:
1.
2.
3.

A

Using Oxygen Efficiently
1. Able to absorb 90% of oxygen inhaled
2. Able to store large quantities of oxygen
3. Able to reduce oxygen required for noncritical organs

59
Q

Tiny chambers facilitate gas exchange with blood

A

Alveoli

60
Q
  • Similar to drunkenness, occurs when diving too deep
  • “The Bends”, nitrogen bubbles in blood from resurfacing too quickly which results in bone damage, excruciating pain, possible death
A
  • Nitrogen Narcosis
  • Decompression Sickness
61
Q
  • Dolphins, porpoises, killer whale, sperm whale
  • ____ to determine distance and direction to objects
  • Determine shape, size of objects
A

Suborder Odontoceti (Toothed), Echolocation

62
Q
  • Sound is reflected, returned to the animal, and interpreted.
  • Increased marine noise pollution may affect ____.
A

Echolocation

63
Q
  • Smaller, more stout body shape
  • Blunt Snout
  • Triangular, smaller dorsal fin
  • Blunt or flat teeth
A

Porpoises

64
Q
  • Larger, more streamlined shape
  • Longer Rostrum
  • _____ dorsal fin (hooked)
  • Pointy teeth like killer whales (orcas)
A

Dolphins, Falcate

65
Q

Order Cetacea:
- Baleen Whales
- Blue whale, finback whale, humpback whale, gray whale, right whale
- Fibrous plates of baleen sieve prey items
- Vocalized sounds for various purposes

A

Suborder Mysticeti

66
Q
  • Plates in whale mouths instead of teeth
  • Whales fill mouths with water, baleen traps fish, krill, plankton
A

Baleen

67
Q
  • Short, coarse baleen, no dorsal fin, bottom feeder
  • Long, fine baleen, no dorsal fin and North Atlantic and North Pacific ____ most critically endangered whales in world.
A
  • Gray whales
  • Right whales
68
Q

These whales belong in the family of _____.
- _____ - Long slender bodies
- _____ - Humpback whales

A

Rorqual Whales
Balaenopterids
Megapterids

69
Q
  • 22000 km annual migration from coastal Arctic Ocean to Baja California and Mexico
  • Feeding grounds in Arctic (summer)
  • Breeding and birthing grounds in tropical eastern Pacific (winter)
A

Grey Whale Migration

70
Q

Whales as ____:
- Fewer whales now than before whaling
- International Whaling Treaty
- Hunting of gray whale banned in 1938
- Gray removed from endangered list in 1993 as population rebounded

A

Endangered Species

MS 101 LE 3 (4 decks)

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