Bio Oceans in Action Flashcards
- Prevents erosion, filters water from land
- Nursery and feeding area
- Produces nutrients
Mangroves
- Binds sediments, filters water from land
- Nursery, feeding and spawning area
- Produces nutrients
Seagrass
- Physical buffer
- Varied habitat, feeding and spawning area
- Produces nutrients
Coral Reefs
___ are extraordinary ecosystems, providing many goods and services to human beings. These particularly include fisheries, forest products, pollution abatement, carbon sequestration and coastal protection against natural calamities such as tsunami and cyclones.
Mangroves
Red/Brown/Green Algae -> ___ -> ___ or ___
Red/Brown/Green Algae -> Land Plants -> Mangroves or Seagrass
Constraints imposed by Habitat:
1.
2.
3.
- Wave, currents, tidal changes
- Salty Medium
- Nutrient Availability
Tropical and Subtropical trees and shrubs that occur in the intertidal and shallow subtidal zones.
Mangroves
- Only occur in Mangal
- Morphological adaptations for gas exchange
- Physiological mechanisms for salinity
- Ability to form pure stands
True Mangroves
Mangrove Adaptations to Marine Life:
1. Exclusion, Sequester in Tissue (Bark, Stem, Root)
2. For Anchorage
3. Aerial roots transport O2 from air to underground roots
- Salt Tolerance
- Prop Roots
- Pneumatophores
Results from different tolerances to different factors: tidal inundation, exposure to waves and water currents, sedimentation, soil properties, salinity, light, species associations
Mangrove Species Zonation
All factors for mangrove species zonation increase toward shore:
1.
2.
3.
4.
- Inundation
- Salinity
- Decreasing Soil Stability
- Sedimentation Rate
Monocot flowering plants which grow fully submerged and rooted in marine and estuarine environments. Also called pastures of the sea
Seagrasses
Seagrasses Adaptations to Marine Life:
1. Adaptation to life in saline medium
2.
3.
4.
- Salt Extrusion
- Ability to Grow when fully submerged
- Hydrophilous pollination mechanism
- Possession of a secure anchoring system
Factors affecting species composition & zonation (Seagrass):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
- Exposure
- Wave Action
- Turbidity
- Salinity
- Light Available for Photosynthesis
- The great evolutionary achievement of scleractinians is their ability to exploit algal symbiosis to the fullest extent in order to build reefs.
- A symbiotic algae, the ___, provides the host with nourishment while benefiting from the animal’s waste products and provided shelter
Coral Biology, Zooxanthellae
Environmental conditions necessary for coral growth
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
- Warm water
- Strong sunlight
- Strong wave or current action
- Lack of turbidity
- Salt water
- Hard substrate
Major Processes of Reef Growth Equation:
*
(Biological Accretion + Sediment Accretion) - Reef Erosion
- Primary reef building organisms
- Reef building organisms and materials imported
- Physico-chemical and biological eroders
- Biological Accretion
- Sediment Accretion
- Reef Erosion
- ___ is positive carbonate accretion
- A ___ is a discrete carbonate structure formed by in-situ or bound organic components that develops topographic relief upon the sea floor
Reef Growth, Reef
Stages of Development of Reef Systems:
1.
2.
3.
- Fringing Coral Reef
- Barrier Reef
- Atoll
Reefs typically restricted to relatively shallow, warm tropical waters between ____ and ____ due to enough light, not much sediments and pollution
30 Degrees N, 30 Degrees S
From the surface, organisms are ____?
From the bottom, organisms are mostly ___?
Mostly shelled organisms
Many soft-bodied organisms and algae
Marine Organisms living within the rocky intertidal zones
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
- Periwinkles
- Rock Louse
- Limpets
- Buckshot Barnacles
- Blue Mussel
- Rock Weed
- Acorn Barnacles
- Sea Anemone
Chemosynthesis Equation:
6H2S + 6H2O + 6CO2 + 6O2 -> C6H12O6 + 6H2SO4
Sulfur Oxidizing Bacteria:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
- Tubeworms
- Vent Community
- Swarm of particulate-feeding shrimp at vent
- Mussels and tubeworms
- Giant white clams
Animals of the Pelagic Environment Types:
1. Drifting Animals
2. Swimming Animals
- Plankton
- Nekton
Marine animals avoid sinking by increasing ____ and ____.
- ____ - Slow moving fish
Buoyancy, Use of Gas Containers, Swim Bladders
To avoid sinking:
- ____ - Some produce fats or oils to stay afloat.
- ____ - Larger fish and marine animals
Zooplanktons (Ability to Float)
Nektons (Ability to Swim)
Microscopic Zooplankton have shells or tests and are highly abundant in oceans
Floating Zooplankton
Type of Floating Zooplankton where:
- Silica Tests
- Intricately ornamented
- Spikes on test increase organism’s surface area
Radiolarians
Type of Floating Zooplankton where:
- Very Small
- Planktonic most abundant, benthic most diverse
- Calcium carbonate tests that are chambered
Foraminifers
Type of Floating Zooplankton where:
- Microscopic
- Shrimplike crustaceans
Segmented bodies, jointed legs
- Most of ocean’s zooplankton biomass
Copepods
Type of MACROSCOPIC Zooplankton where:
- Crustaceans
- Resemble mini shrimp or large copepods
- Abundant near Antarctica
- Critical in Antarctic food chains
Krill
Type of Floating Macroscopic Zooplankton:
- ____ - Soft bodies, stinging tentacles
- ____ - (Portuguese man of war), Gas-filled float
- ____ - Soft, low-density bodies
- Cnidarians
- Hydrozoan
- Scyphozoan
- Nektonic
- Fish, squids, sea turtles, marine mammals
- Swim by trapping water and expelling it, e.g., some squid
- Swim by curving body from front to back
Swimming Organisms
Fin Designs in Fish
- Both dorsal and anal as Stabilizers
- For “Steering” and Balance
- For Thrust
- Paired Vertical Fins
- Paired pelvic fins and pectoral fins
- Tail Fin (Caudal)
____ - Tail
- Flexible, maneuver at slow speeds
- Useful for both maneuvering and thrust
- Caudal Fins
- Rounded caudal fins
- Truncate Fins and Forked Fins
- Rigid, little maneuverability, and efficient propulsion for fast swimmers
- Asymmetrical and lift for buoyancy (shark)
- Lunate Fins
- Heterocercal Fins
Adaptations for Finding Prey
1.
- ____ wait for prey and pounce (grouper) and mainly white muscle tissue.
- ____ actively seek prey (tuna) and mostly red muscle tissue.
- Mobility
- Lungers
- Cruisers
- Smaller fibers than white
- Higher concentrations of ____ (red pigment with oxygen affinity)
- Supplies more oxygen
- Higher metabolic rate for endurance
Red muscle tissue, Myoglobin
Adaptations for Finding Prey (Complete)
1.
2.
3.
4.
- Mobility
- Swimming Speed
- Speed generally proportional to size
- Can move very fast for short time (mainly to avoid predation)
- Most fish are cold-blooded, bodies same temperature as environment, and aren’t fast swimmers.
- Some fish are warm-blooded, found in warmer environments, helps them capture prey
- Poikilothermic
- Homeothermic
Adaptations of Deep-Water Nekton:
1. Mainly fish that consume ___ or each other
2.
3. Photophores
4.
5.
6.
7.
- Detritus
- Lack of abundant food
- Biolumincescence
- Large, sensitive eyes
- Large, sharp teeth
- Expendable Bodies
- Hinged Jaws
A type of Adaptation to Avoid Predation:
- Safety in numbers
- ___ may appear as single larger unit
- ___ maneuvers confuse predators
Schooling, School, Schooling
Types of Adaptation to Avoid Predation:
- Two or more organisms mutually benefit from association
- Less dominant organism benefits without harming host
- Symbiosis
- Commensalism
Types of Adaptation to Avoid Predation:
- Both organisms benefit (e.g. clown fish and anemone)
- Parasite benefits at expense of host
- Mutualism
- Parasitism
Marine Mammals:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
- Land-dwelling ancestors
- Warm-blooded
- Breathe air
- Hair/fur
- Bear live young
- Mammary glands for milk
Major Marine Mammal Groups:
1.
2.
3.
- Order Carnivora
- Order Sirenia
- Order Cetacea
- Prominent Canine Teeth
- Sea otters
- Polar Bears
- Pinnipeds (e.g. walruses, seals, sea lions, fur seals)
Order Carnivora
- Inhabit kelp in coastal, easter North Pacific
- Extremely dense fur, lack insulating blubber
- Hunted in 1800, made recovery
- Eat many types of marine animals, use tools
- High caloric needs
Sea Otters
- Massive webbed paws
- Excellent Swimmers
- Thick Fur, Hollow Hairs
- Eat mostly Seals
Polar Bears
- Large bodies
- Adults of both genders have ivory tusks
Walruses
- Also called ___ or ___
- Differ from sea lions and fur seals
Seals, Earless Seals or True Seals
Seals vs. Sea Lions and Fur Seals:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
- Lack prominent ear flaps
- Have smaller front flippers
- Seals have fore flipper claws
- Different hip structures
- Different locomotion strategies
- Herbivores
- Manatees (coastal areas of tropical Atlantic ocean)
- Dugongs (coastal areas of Indian and western Pacific Oceans
Order Sirenia
- Whales, dolphins, porpoises
- Elongated skull
- Blowholes on top of skull
- Few hairs
- ___ - Horizontal tail fin for vertical propulsion
Order Cetacea, Fluke
Order Cetacea: Adaptations to increase swimming speed:
1.
2.
- Streamlined bodies
- Specialized skin structure
Order Cetacea: Adaptations for Deep Diving by ___ through:
1.
2.
3.
Using Oxygen Efficiently
1. Able to absorb 90% of oxygen inhaled
2. Able to store large quantities of oxygen
3. Able to reduce oxygen required for noncritical organs
Tiny chambers facilitate gas exchange with blood
Alveoli
- Similar to drunkenness, occurs when diving too deep
- “The Bends”, nitrogen bubbles in blood from resurfacing too quickly which results in bone damage, excruciating pain, possible death
- Nitrogen Narcosis
- Decompression Sickness
- Dolphins, porpoises, killer whale, sperm whale
- ____ to determine distance and direction to objects
- Determine shape, size of objects
Suborder Odontoceti (Toothed), Echolocation
- Sound is reflected, returned to the animal, and interpreted.
- Increased marine noise pollution may affect ____.
Echolocation
- Smaller, more stout body shape
- Blunt Snout
- Triangular, smaller dorsal fin
- Blunt or flat teeth
Porpoises
- Larger, more streamlined shape
- Longer Rostrum
- _____ dorsal fin (hooked)
- Pointy teeth like killer whales (orcas)
Dolphins, Falcate
Order Cetacea:
- Baleen Whales
- Blue whale, finback whale, humpback whale, gray whale, right whale
- Fibrous plates of baleen sieve prey items
- Vocalized sounds for various purposes
Suborder Mysticeti
- Plates in whale mouths instead of teeth
- Whales fill mouths with water, baleen traps fish, krill, plankton
Baleen
- Short, coarse baleen, no dorsal fin, bottom feeder
- Long, fine baleen, no dorsal fin and North Atlantic and North Pacific ____ most critically endangered whales in world.
- Gray whales
- Right whales
These whales belong in the family of _____.
- _____ - Long slender bodies
- _____ - Humpback whales
Rorqual Whales
Balaenopterids
Megapterids
- 22000 km annual migration from coastal Arctic Ocean to Baja California and Mexico
- Feeding grounds in Arctic (summer)
- Breeding and birthing grounds in tropical eastern Pacific (winter)
Grey Whale Migration
Whales as ____:
- Fewer whales now than before whaling
- International Whaling Treaty
- Hunting of gray whale banned in 1938
- Gray removed from endangered list in 1993 as population rebounded
Endangered Species
