Nutrient-Drug Interactions

Question 1

The study of drugs and their effects on the body

Answer 1

Pharmacology

Question 2

The study of the origin, nature, properties, and effects of natural products on living organisms

Answer 2

Pharmacognosy

Question 3

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 3

The process by which a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted

Question 4

The biochemical and physiological effects of a drug on the body

Answer 4

Pharmacodynamics

Question 5

The time it takes for 50% of a drug to be eliminated from the body

Answer 5

Half-life

Question 6

The amount of time it takes for the blood concentration of a drug to decrease by one half of its steady state level

Answer 6

Half-life

Question 7

The proportion of a drug that enters circulation and produces a therapeutic effect

Answer 7

Bioavailability

Question 8

The use of multiple medications concurrently, increasing the risk of drug interactions

Answer 8

Polypharmacy

Question 9

The percentage of a drug or nutrient that enters systemic circulation and is available (free to function) for therapeutic effect

Answer 9

Bioavailability Rate

Question 10

The percentage absorbed at a given time for absorption

Answer 10

Absorption Rate

Question 11

A group of liver enzymes (mainly P450) involved in the metabolism of drugs, toxins, and nutrients through oxidation reactions

Answer 11

Mixed-Function Oxidase System (MFOS)

Question 12

A substance that activates a receptor to produce a biological response

Answer 12

Agonist

Question 13

A substance that blocks or reduces the effects of a receptor agonist

Answer 13

Antagonist

Question 14

Symptom improvement from a non-active treatment due to psychological factors

Answer 14

Placebo Effect

Question 15

The study of how an individual’s genetic makeup affects their response to drugs

Answer 15

Pharmacogenomics

Question 16

Any chemical used to prevent or treat disease

Answer 16

Drugs

Question 17

Arrange the following stages of drug action
I. The drug is excreted from the body
II. The drug is absorbed into the blood and transported to its site of action
III. The body responds to the drug; the drug performs a function
IV. The drug dissolves into a useable form in the stomach

Answer 17

IV, II, III, I

Question 17

Three principal mechanisms in the metabolic process when decreasing toxicity or eliminating foreign chemicals

Answer 17

Increasing water solubility of the chemicals; decreasing the size of foreign molecules; and binding the drugs to larger molecules

Question 18

It refers to when two substances produce a greater effect together than alone

Answer 18

Synergism

Question 19

Drugs are generally absorbed in what form?

Answer 19

Unionized Form

Question 20

Weakly ACIDIC drugs are absorbed in which part of the GIT?

Answer 20

Stomach

Question 21

Weakly BASIC drugs are absorbed in which part of the GIT?

Answer 21

Small Intestine

Question 22

Most drugs are weakly [acidic / basic]

Answer 22

Basic

Question 23

The end products of metabolism

Answer 23

Metabolites

Question 24

Liver enzymes primarily involved in drug metabolism

Answer 24

Cytochrome P450 Enzymes (CYP450)

Question 25

The organ frequently involved in drug metabolism

Answer 25

Liver

Question 26

Refers to the effect of a medication on food or a nutrient in food

Answer 26

Drug-nutrient Interaction

Question 27

[True / False] Drugs decrease nutrient bioavailability.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

The binding of a nutrient with a drug, reducing absorption

Answer 28

Chelation

Question 29

When a drug or nutrient slows down the metabolism of another substance, increasing its effect or toxicity

Answer 29

Enzyme Inhibition

Question 30

An unintended, secondary effect of a drug or therapy

Answer 30

Side Effect

Question 31

Anticoagulants like Warfarin interact with what nutrient?

Answer 31

Vitamin K

Question 32

Small amounts of alcohol decrease the half-life of what drug?

Answer 32

Isoniazid

Question 33

Diuretics such as Furosemide and Thiazides interact with which nutrients?

Answer 33

Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium

Question 34

Antihypertensive medication can affect body levels of which minerals?

Answer 34

Calcium, Potassium, Zinc

Question 35

Long-term use of this class of drug may lead to stomach irritation and eventually ulcers

Answer 35

Anti-inflammatory

Question 36

A drug class used to treat different forms of cancer

Answer 36

Antineoplastic

Question 37

Calcium-rich foods can reduce the absorption of which type of drugs?

Answer 37

Antibiotics (Tetracycline, Ciprofloxacin)

Question 38

Cycloserine, hydralazine, isoniazid, and penicillamine are antagonists of which vitamin?

Answer 38

Vitamin B6

Question 39

Refers to the effect of food, or a nutrient in food on medication

Answer 39

Food/Nutrient-Drug Interaction

Question 40

These drugs improve mood and psychologic function with a consequent increase in food intake in some patients

Answer 40

Phenothiazines and Benzodiazepines

Question 41

Drugs used to treat allergies

Answer 41

Antihistamines

Question 42

Drugs that reduce inflammation, fever, and pain

Answer 42

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

Question 43

These drugs neutralize stomach acid

Answer 43

Antacids

Question 44

These drugs relieve constipation

Answer 44

Laxatives

Question 45

These drugs increase urine output to reduce fluid retention

Answer 45

Diuretics

Question 46

These drugs lower cholesterol levels

Answer 46

Statins

Question 47

These drugs prevent blood clot formation

Answer 47

Anticoagulants

Question 48

These drugs dissolve existing blood clots

Answer 48

Thrombolytics

Question 49

These drugs reduce stomach acid production

Answer 49

Acid Blocker

Question 50

These drugs help control seizures

Answer 50

Anticonvulsant

Question 51

Antineoplastic drugs are agents that treat different forms of what disease?

Answer 51

Cancer

Question 52

These drugs treat fungal infections

Answer 52

Antifungals

Question 53

These drugs reduce fever

Answer 53

Antipyretics

Question 54

These drugs produce multiple small hemorrhages of the gastrointestinal mucosa, leading to iron deficiency anemia and decreased absorption of vitamin C

Answer 54

Anti-inflammatory Drugs

Question 55

Antacids formulated with ___ and ___ hydroxides form non-absorbable phosphates in the gut lumen, and may induce hypophosphatemia

Answer 55

Aluminum; Magnesium

Question 56

The best-known and potentially most harmful nutrient-drug interaction is between which drugs?

Answer 56

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors and Pressor Amines (especially tyramine)

Question 57

The process by which a drug or nutrient enters the bloodstream

Answer 57

Absorption

Question 58

The process by which the body breaks down substances.

Answer 58

Metabolism

Question 59

Excessive intake of vitamins, sometimes worsened by drug interactions

Answer 59

Hypervitaminosis

Question 60

Which vitamin tends to antagonize coumarin anticoagulants

Answer 60

Vitamin K

Question 61

Megadoses of which vitamin decreases prothrombin time when taken with?