Nutrient And The Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are nutrients?

A

Organic and inorganic chemical substances required for maintenance, growth, and production.

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2
Q

What are the six groups of nutrients?

A

Water, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Minerals, and Vitamins.

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3
Q

What are organic nutrients?

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, and Vitamins.

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4
Q

What are inorganic nutrients?

A

Minerals and Water.

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5
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Polyhydroxy aldehydes, ketones, or acids composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.

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6
Q

What is the empirical formula for carbohydrates?

A

Cn(H2O)n, e.g., Glucose (C6H12O6).

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7
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Simple sugars containing one glucose unit, e.g., Glucose, Fructose, Galactose.

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8
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Sugars containing two glucose units, e.g., Lactose, Maltose, Sucrose.

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9
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Sugars with more than 10 glucose units, e.g., Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose.

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10
Q

What is the primary function of carbohydrates?

A

Provide energy to animals.

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11
Q

How are excess carbohydrates stored in the body?

A

Converted to fat and stored as reserve energy.

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12
Q

What are the chief sources of carbohydrates?

A

Cereal grains, pulses, straw, hay, grass, crop residues.

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13
Q

What are proteins?

A

Complex nitrogenous compounds made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen.

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14
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Building blocks of proteins containing -COOH and -NH2 groups.

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15
Q

Name three essential amino acids.

A

Methionine, Phenylalanine, Valine.

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16
Q

Name three non-essential amino acids.

A

Glycine, Serine, Alanine.

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17
Q

What are simple proteins?

A

Proteins composed only of amino acids, e.g., Albumin, Globulin.

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18
Q

What are conjugate proteins?

A

Proteins with a protein and non-protein part, e.g., Hemoglobin.

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19
Q

What are the primary functions of proteins?

A

Build body tissues, form enzymes, regulate osmotic pressure, and aid in cell repair.

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20
Q

What are the chief sources of proteins?

A

Oil cakes, fish meal, pulses, beans, lentils.

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21
Q

What are fats?

A

Esters of fatty acids and glycerol, insoluble in water but soluble in ether.

22
Q

What are essential fatty acids?

A

Linoleic, Linolenic, and Arachidonic acids.

23
Q

What are the sources of fats?

A

Vegetable oils (e.g., Safflower, Sunflower) and animal sources (e.g., Omega-6 fatty acids).

24
Q

What is the role of water in the body?

A

Regulates temperature, aids digestion, and transports nutrients.

25
Q

What percentage of water is found in mature animals?

A

50-60%.

26
Q

What is the water requirement for a lactating cow?

A

2 L/L of milk production in addition to maintenance.

27
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Organic compounds required in minute quantities for growth and health.

28
Q

What are fat-soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamins A, D, E, K.

29
Q

What are water-soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamin B-complex and Vitamin C.

30
Q

What are the sources of Vitamin A?

A

Green forages, maize grains, carrots, fish liver oil.

31
Q

What are the sources of Vitamin D?

A

Hay (D2), Fish liver oil, and milk (D3).

32
Q

What is the function of Vitamin A?

A

Maintains vision and prevents xerophthalmia.

33
Q

What is the deficiency symptom of Vitamin D?

A

Rickets in young animals, osteomalacia in adults.

34
Q

What are macro minerals?

A

Minerals required in amounts greater than 100 ppm, e.g., Calcium, Phosphorus.

35
Q

What are micro minerals?

A

Minerals required in amounts less than 100 ppm, e.g., Zinc, Iron, Copper.

36
Q

What are toxic minerals?

A

Minerals harmful in excess, e.g., Arsenic, Lead, Mercury, Fluorine, and Aluminium.

37
Q

What are the effects of arsenic toxicity?

A

Causes skin lesions, weight loss, and impaired growth in animals.

38
Q

What are the effects of lead toxicity?

A

Leads to nervous system damage, paralysis, and loss of appetite.

39
Q

What are the effects of mercury toxicity?

A

Causes kidney damage, gastrointestinal issues, and neurological problems.

40
Q

What are the functions of minerals?

A

Regulate osmotic pressure, aid in bone and teeth formation, and form hemoglobin.

41
Q

What is a deficiency symptom of calcium?

A

Milk fever in cows, porous bones in adults.

42
Q

What are the sources of iron?

A

Green forages, meat meal, and cereals.

43
Q

What are non-protein nitrogenous substances (NPN)?

A

Nitrogen sources other than proteins, e.g., urea, biuret.

44
Q

What are the functions of NPN in ruminants?

A

Used by rumen microbes to synthesize proteins.

45
Q

What is hypomagnesemic tetany (grass tetany)?

A

Nervousness, tremors, and muscle twitching caused by magnesium deficiency.

46
Q

What are symptoms of Vitamin B-complex deficiency?

A

Weakness, anemia, nervous disorders, stunted growth, reproductive issues.

47
Q

What is a deficiency symptom of Vitamin C?

A

Scurvy, characterized by spongy gums and susceptibility to infections.

48
Q

What are selenium deficiency symptoms?

A

White muscle disease in calves, reduced egg hatchability in chickens.

49
Q

What are zinc deficiency symptoms?

A

Parakeratosis in pigs and swollen hock syndrome.

50
Q

What are iodine deficiency symptoms?

A

Big neck disease, rough skin, and thyroid gland enlargement.

51
Q

What are fluorine deficiency symptoms?

A

Dental caries, deformed teeth, and loss of enamel.