Nutrient And The Function Flashcards
What are nutrients?
Organic and inorganic chemical substances required for maintenance, growth, and production.
What are the six groups of nutrients?
Water, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Minerals, and Vitamins.
What are organic nutrients?
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, and Vitamins.
What are inorganic nutrients?
Minerals and Water.
What are carbohydrates?
Polyhydroxy aldehydes, ketones, or acids composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.
What is the empirical formula for carbohydrates?
Cn(H2O)n, e.g., Glucose (C6H12O6).
What are monosaccharides?
Simple sugars containing one glucose unit, e.g., Glucose, Fructose, Galactose.
What are disaccharides?
Sugars containing two glucose units, e.g., Lactose, Maltose, Sucrose.
What are polysaccharides?
Sugars with more than 10 glucose units, e.g., Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose.
What is the primary function of carbohydrates?
Provide energy to animals.
How are excess carbohydrates stored in the body?
Converted to fat and stored as reserve energy.
What are the chief sources of carbohydrates?
Cereal grains, pulses, straw, hay, grass, crop residues.
What are proteins?
Complex nitrogenous compounds made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen.
What are amino acids?
Building blocks of proteins containing -COOH and -NH2 groups.
Name three essential amino acids.
Methionine, Phenylalanine, Valine.
Name three non-essential amino acids.
Glycine, Serine, Alanine.
What are simple proteins?
Proteins composed only of amino acids, e.g., Albumin, Globulin.
What are conjugate proteins?
Proteins with a protein and non-protein part, e.g., Hemoglobin.
What are the primary functions of proteins?
Build body tissues, form enzymes, regulate osmotic pressure, and aid in cell repair.
What are the chief sources of proteins?
Oil cakes, fish meal, pulses, beans, lentils.
What are fats?
Esters of fatty acids and glycerol, insoluble in water but soluble in ether.
What are essential fatty acids?
Linoleic, Linolenic, and Arachidonic acids.
What are the sources of fats?
Vegetable oils (e.g., Safflower, Sunflower) and animal sources (e.g., Omega-6 fatty acids).
What is the role of water in the body?
Regulates temperature, aids digestion, and transports nutrients.
What percentage of water is found in mature animals?
50-60%.
What is the water requirement for a lactating cow?
2 L/L of milk production in addition to maintenance.
What are vitamins?
Organic compounds required in minute quantities for growth and health.
What are fat-soluble vitamins?
Vitamins A, D, E, K.
What are water-soluble vitamins?
Vitamin B-complex and Vitamin C.
What are the sources of Vitamin A?
Green forages, maize grains, carrots, fish liver oil.
What are the sources of Vitamin D?
Hay (D2), Fish liver oil, and milk (D3).
What is the function of Vitamin A?
Maintains vision and prevents xerophthalmia.
What is the deficiency symptom of Vitamin D?
Rickets in young animals, osteomalacia in adults.
What are macro minerals?
Minerals required in amounts greater than 100 ppm, e.g., Calcium, Phosphorus.
What are micro minerals?
Minerals required in amounts less than 100 ppm, e.g., Zinc, Iron, Copper.
What are toxic minerals?
Minerals harmful in excess, e.g., Arsenic, Lead, Mercury, Fluorine, and Aluminium.
What are the effects of arsenic toxicity?
Causes skin lesions, weight loss, and impaired growth in animals.
What are the effects of lead toxicity?
Leads to nervous system damage, paralysis, and loss of appetite.
What are the effects of mercury toxicity?
Causes kidney damage, gastrointestinal issues, and neurological problems.
What are the functions of minerals?
Regulate osmotic pressure, aid in bone and teeth formation, and form hemoglobin.
What is a deficiency symptom of calcium?
Milk fever in cows, porous bones in adults.
What are the sources of iron?
Green forages, meat meal, and cereals.
What are non-protein nitrogenous substances (NPN)?
Nitrogen sources other than proteins, e.g., urea, biuret.
What are the functions of NPN in ruminants?
Used by rumen microbes to synthesize proteins.
What is hypomagnesemic tetany (grass tetany)?
Nervousness, tremors, and muscle twitching caused by magnesium deficiency.
What are symptoms of Vitamin B-complex deficiency?
Weakness, anemia, nervous disorders, stunted growth, reproductive issues.
What is a deficiency symptom of Vitamin C?
Scurvy, characterized by spongy gums and susceptibility to infections.
What are selenium deficiency symptoms?
White muscle disease in calves, reduced egg hatchability in chickens.
What are zinc deficiency symptoms?
Parakeratosis in pigs and swollen hock syndrome.
What are iodine deficiency symptoms?
Big neck disease, rough skin, and thyroid gland enlargement.
What are fluorine deficiency symptoms?
Dental caries, deformed teeth, and loss of enamel.
