Nutr Flashcards
What is gerd
Acid reflux
What is dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing
What is gastritis
Inflammation of stomach lining
What is anthropometric data
Height weight Bmi etc
What is a biochemical analysis
Labs urine samples
What does adime stand for?
Assessment Diagnosis Intervention Monitoring Evaluation
What does the assessment part of adime consist of
Family hx
Medical hx
Important and relative data
Ht wt bmi
What does the diagnosis part of adime stand for
Lists and prioritizes nutrition diagnosis
What does the intervention portion of adime consist of
Describes treatment goals and expected outcomes, specific interventions, and the pets response to nutrition care
What does soap stand for
Subjective
Objective
Assessment
Plan
What is in the subjective portion of soap notes
Info obtained from medical records and interview with the pt or pts family
What is in the objective portion of soap notes
Biochemical analysis
Anthropometric data
Medical procedures
Physical procedures
What is in the assessment part of soap notes
Brief evaluation of the subjective and objective data and nutrition Dx
What is a pes statement
Structure used for formatting a nutritional dx
What is the cognitive domain of learning?
Knowledge, information
What is the affective domain of learning
Attitude , beliefs
What is the psychomotor domain of learning
Manual skills,
Performance
What are some examples of cognitive goals
Knowledge
Comprehension
Analyze
Evaluate
What are some examples of affective goals
Listening Responding Valuing Organizing Characterization
What are some examples of psychomotor goals
Fundamental movement coordination
Physical ability
skilled movement
What are the two types of bonds that make up organic nutrients?
Carbon-carbon
Carbon-hydrogen
What are minerals
Chemical elements that remain unchanged despite cooking digestion or excretion
What are two inorganic nutrients?
Minerals and water
What are essential nutrients?
A nutrient that is necessary for life process that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from a dietary source
What are some examples of essential nutrients
Vitamins minerals essential fatty acids and essential amino acids
How many kcals per gram are each macronutrient?
CHO
PRO
FAT
4kcal/g
4kcal/g
9kcal/g
What is a monosaccharide
6-carbon hexose
One chain
What is a disaccharide
A pair of monosaccharides
What is the chemical formula of a monosaccharide
C6H12O6
What is the energy source for all body activities
Glucose
What is fructose
The sweetest sugar found in fruit or honey
What is the makeup of maltose and where is it found
Glucose + glucose
Found in starches
What is the makeup of sucrose and where is it found
Glucose + fructose
Table sugar
What is the makeup of lactose and where is it found
Glucose + galactose found in milk
What is condensation?
Combining of 2 monosaccharides
What is hydrolysis?
The breaking Down of two disaccharides
What are 3 types of polysaccharides
Glycogen
Starches
Fibers
What is glycogen
Storage from glucose in animals and humans
What are starches
Storage form of glucose in plants
What are fibers
Structural parts of plants that can not be broken down by digestive enzymes
What is soluble fiber
Fiber dissolved in water
What is viscous fiber
Fiber that forms a gel
What is fermentable fiber
Fiber that is easily digested by bacteria in the colon
What will fiber help lower?
Glucose and cholesterol
Where are soluble fibers found
Fruits legumes and oats
What are 3 types of lipids
Triglycerides
Phospholipid
Sterols
What is a triglyceride made of
One glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Three different ways fatty acids differ between one another
Length of carbon chain
Degree of saturation
Location of double bonds
What is the usual length of organic fatty acid carbon chains?
4-24 carbons
What is the chemical makeup of an acid group
COOH
What are saturated fatty acids molecularly
All carbons are attached to hydrogens
Each attachment contains single bonds between carbon atoms
What are unsaturated fatty acids molecularly
One or more carbons lack hydrogen atoms which are replaced with a double bind between carbons
How many double bonds do monounsaturated fatty acids have
One
What are two examples of monounsaturated fatty acids
Olive oil and canola oil
How many double bonds in polyunsaturated fatty acids
Two or more
What’s an example of a polyunsaturated fatty acid
Vegetable oil
What are two essential fatty acids and how many double bonds do they have
Linoleic 2 double bonds
Linolenic 3 double bonds
Where is the location of a double bond in omega 3
3 carbons away from the methyl group
Where is the location of the double bonds in omega 6
6 carbons away from the methyl group
What is the methyl group in an unsaturated fatty acid
CH3
What is the factor that determines saturated from unsaturated fatty acids?
The chain length. Shorter the chain, the softer the fat
Why do unsaturated fats go rancid quickly ?
The double bind is unstable and make it not resistant to oxidation
4 ways to prevent rancidity in fats
Air tight seal ( prevent oxidation )
Protection from light
Addition of antioxidants (these compete for oxygen)
Removal of double bonds (hydrogenization)
What is hydrogenation ?
The removal of double bonds in unsaturated fats to make them more stable and have a longer shelf life
I hydrogenation, what happens to the hydrogen formation
It is changed from cis to trans.
What is the cis hydrogen formation
Hydrogens next to the double bind are on the same side
What is the trans hydrogen formation
Hydrogens next to the double bond are on opposite side
What is a phospholipid
A compound similar to a triglyceride that has a phosphate-group and choline in place of one of the fatty acids
What is a phospholipid used for?
Emulsifiers (also soluble in water)
What is an example of a phospholipid?
Lecithin
What is a sterol
A compound found in plants and animals.
Wat is the structure of a sterol
Four carbon ring with a variety of side chains
What are some examples of sterols
Cholesterol Vitamin D Bike Sex hormones Adrenal hormones
What is a protein made of
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen **
What is the basic structure of an amino acid
One hydrogen
An amino group (NH2)
An acid group (COOH)
A side chain
What is an amino group composed of
NH2
How many essential and how many non essential amino acids make up the 20
9 essential
11 non essential
What are amino acids linked together by to make a protein
Peptide bond
How many amino acids do a Dipeptide Tripeptide Ogliopeptide And polypeptide
Have?
2
3
4-9
10+
What are some roles of protein?
Building blocks of most body structures Enzymes Hormones Fluid balance Acid-base regulators Transporters of lipids oxygen and iron Antibodies Used as energy
What is nitrogen balance
The amount of nitrogen consumed as compared with the amount of nitrogen excreted in a given period of time. Used to determine protein utilization.
What is a positive nitrogen balance
Nitrogen is greater in than out.
When does positive nitrogen balance occur (5)
Infants Children Pregnancy Wound healing Recovery from illness
What is negative nitrogen balance
Nitrogen is greater out than in.
When does negative nitrogen balance occur (3)
Starvation
Acute injury
Infection
How do you calculate the nitrogen content of the diet?
Divide total grams of protein consumed by 6.25 grams of nitrogen
92g pro / 6.25 = 14.7 g nitrogen
What is deamination
Removal of the amino group (NH2)
What does deamination do?
Creates ammonia.
What is ammonia from deamination converted into? And what organ converts it.
Deamination causes ammonia which is then converted by the liver into urea.
What organ filters urea from the blood?
Kidneys.
Give the process from deamination-> urine
Deamination removed the amino group of a protein which created ammonia
Ammonia is converted into urea in the blood by the liver
Kidneys filter urea from the blood and excrete nitrogen in m the urine
What is a reference protein
A measure of the quality of a protein compared to the essential amino acid requirements of preschool age children
What is a Complimentary protein
2 or more dietary proteins that can be combined to obtain all of the essential amino acids in quantities sufficient to support health
What percent should protein account for in a total daily calorie count
10-35%
Recommended intake of protein
0-5mo. _______g/kg
5-12mos______
1-3yrs_________
4-14yrs________
- 2
- 6
- 2
- 0
What is marasmus
Severe deprivation or impaired absorption of energy, protein, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals.
What age is marasmus mostly common in
Infants under 2
What are symptoms of marasmus?
Short for age
Muscle wasting
No body fat
Impaired brain development
What is kwashiorkor
Inadequate protein intake or infection
What is the common age for kwashiorkor
18mo-3yr
Kwashiorkor symptoms
Muscle wasting
Decreased body fat
Enlarged fatty liver
What is bioavailability
The rate at and extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used
Bioavailability is affected by:
5
GI time
Nutritional status
Other foods eaten that may inhibit absorption
Food prep (heat, oxygen, light)
Source of nutrient (synthetic vs natural)
Water soluble vitamins:
Each one : (8)
B and c
Thiamin Niacin Riboflavin Biotin Pantothenic acid Vit b6 Vit b12
Fat soluble vitamins:
A
D
E
K
Water soluble vitamins are
Hydrophilic
Fat soluble vitamins are
Hydrophobic
What are upper levels
The highest amount of a nutrient that is not likely to cause harm
What is joint commission
Requires that all pts be screened for nutrition risk within 24 hrs of admission
4 steps to the nutrition care process
Assessment Diagnosis Intervention Monitoring Evaluation
ADIME!!!
Hamwi method for calculation of ideal body weight:
Women
Men
100lbs for the first 5 feet add 5 lbs for each inch over 5 ft.
Add 10% for large frame and subtract 10% for small frame
Add 106 for 5ft add 6lbs for each inch above 5ft
Add 10% lg frame -10% small
