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Biochemistry > NUTR 13 Water > Flashcards

NUTR 13 Water Flashcards

1
Q

What is a fluid?

A

Molecules that slip past each other

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2
Q

What percentage of our body is water?

A

60%

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3
Q

In what group of people is water levels low?

A

In women, obese individuals and we lose fluids as we get older

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4
Q

In what group of people are water levels high?

A

Higher in infants

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5
Q

Where in the cell are there fluids?

A

Intracellular (inside cell)

Extracellular (between cells)

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6
Q

What is an example of extracellular fluid?

A 
In plasma (blood) 
Digestive secretions
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7
Q

What do fluids do?

A 
Dissolve and transport substances in blood 
Protect us 
Moisten us 
Help maintain body temperature 
Chemical reactions
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8
Q

What happens when you get hot? ;)

A

Blood vessels will dilate

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9
Q

What happens when you get cold? :(

A

blood vessels will constrict

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10
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

dilation of blood vessels

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11
Q

Where do we get our water from?

A

75%-80% from beverages
20%-25% from foods
Metabolic water - insignificant

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12
Q

What are the reactants of the metabolic reaction?

A

Carbohydrate and oxygen

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13
Q

What is the product of metabolism?

A

Water, carbon dioxide and energy!

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14
Q

How do we lose water?

A

Waste, evaporation, sweat and breath

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15
Q

Which part of the brain regulate water intake?

A

Hypothalamus

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16
Q

What stimulates thirst?

;)

A

High concentrations of electrolytes
Low blood volume or pressure
Dryness in the mouth ;)

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17
Q

How is our thirst mechanism? ;)

A

Bad… gets worse as we get older :(

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18
Q

How do you regulate water loss? (not the mechanism)

A

If you are dehydrated, you pee less!

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19
Q

How does regulation of water loss happen?

A

When blood becomes concentrated, antidiuretic hormones is released
This hormone tells the kidney to keep as much water as possible from being lost in the urine

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20
Q

How much fluid do women need?

A

2.7 L

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21
Q

How much fluid do men need?

A

3.7 L

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22
Q

What is dehydration?

A

When you lose more water than you take in

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23
Q

When do symptoms of dehydration begin?

A

When you have 1-2% decrease in body weight

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24
Q

What are the early symptoms of dehydration?

A

Headache
Fatigue
Loss of appetite
Dry mouth

25
Q

What can loss of 5% of water body weight cause?

A

Sleepiness, nausea, flushed skin, decreased concentration

26
Q

What can greater than 7 % of water loss cause?

A

Delirium (restlessness, illusions, and incoherence of thought and speech.)

27
Q

What can 10-20 % of water loss cause?

A

DEATH

28
Q

What is the color of your pee if you are dehydrated or not?

A

light yellow- hydrated
Medium- mild dehydration
Dark yellow/ brown- Severe dehydration

29
Q

Who are susceptible to dangerous dehydration?

A

Babies and small children
Old people
Athletes

30
Q

What happens if you have take in too much water?

A

Over hydration and water intoxication
Too much water makes the sodium concentration
Seizures, coma and death

31
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Dissolved mineral salts - ions

Positive or negative charge

32
Q

What are the major electrolytes?

A

Sodium
Potassium
Chloride

33
Q

Name 3 things that electrolytes do

A

Regulate fluid balance through osmosis
Allow nerves to work
Allow muscles to contract

34
Q

In what situations can electrolytes happen?

A

Kidney disease
Vomiting, diarrhea, sweating
IV fed patients

35
Q

Is electrolyte deficiency rare?

A

YES

36
Q

What organ mainly regulates electrolytes?

A

The kidneys

37
Q

How does the kidney regulate electrolyte levels?

A

Too much electrolytes- urine

Not enough-keep from going in to the urine

38
Q

What is the special relationship with salt?

A

High salt intake- thirsty

Low salt intake-crave it

39
Q

What is sodium?

A

NaCl- main electrolyte

40
Q

What is salt required for?

A

Required for nerve signals, fluid balance, blood pressure and nutrient transport

41
Q

Where do we get our sodium from?

A

77 % from processed food
11 % from salt added at table or cooking
12 % found naturally in foods

42
Q

What happens if you have too little sodium?

A

Seizure, coma and death

43
Q

What cases do sodium deficiency occur in?

A

Active people and cases of extreme fluid loss

44
Q

What symptoms do sodium deficiency cause?

A

Seizures, coma and death

45
Q

How are Canadians doing with sodium intake?

A

Consume more than the Upper limit

46
Q

What happens if we get too much sodium?

A

Increase risk of hypertension
Causes bloating
Increase excretion of calcium which leads to bone loss

47
Q

What the optimal blood pressure?

A

120/80

48
Q

What is systolic blood pressure?

A

pressure during a heart beat

49
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure?

A

Pressure between beats

50
Q

What values of the systolic and diastolic for high blood pressure?

A

systolic >140 mm Hg

diastolic > 90 mm Hg

51
Q

What is a salt insensitive individual?

A

slow sodium excretion and sodium causes constriction of blood vessels which continues high blood pressure

52
Q

How can you cut down on sodium?

A 
Less processed foods 
cook with little salt 
prepare food with alternate spices 
Less pickles 
less smoked/ salty fish
Less condiments 
Less processed cheeses
53
Q

Give examples of salty foods

A

Cured ham, dill pickle, tomato soup

54
Q

What is the relationship between blood pressure and stroke?

A

The higher the blood pressure, the higher risk of stroke

Our systolic blood pressure increases as we age

55
Q

What are you at risk for if you have hypertension?

A

Heart attacks
kidney disease
stroke

56
Q

What is the DASH diet?

A

30-60 mins of physical activity most days
Lots of veggies and whole grains
Low fat dairy and meat
low sodium

57
Q

What does the DASH diet decrease the risk of?

A

Hypertension

58
Q

What can lowering sodium in 95 % of Canadians do?

A

decrease high blood pressure by 30 % and CVD by 13 %

59
Q

What are the 3 things are groups doing about high sodium intake levels?

A

Reduce sodium in foods and restaurant
education and awareness
research in health effects, food reformulation and policy implementation

Biochemistry (14 decks)

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