Nursing Theorists and Their Work

Question 1

Founder of Modern Nursing and Pioneer of the Environmental Theory.

Answer 1

Florence Nightingale

Question 2

 Defined nursing as “the act of utilizing and the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery”.

Answer 2

Florence Nightingale

Question 3

 Stated that nursing “ought to signify the proper use of fresh air, light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet, and the proper selection and administration of diet - all at the least expense of vital power to the patient.

Answer 3

Florence Nightingale

Question 4

 Identified five (5) environmental factors: fresh air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness or sanitation, and light or direct sunlight.

Answer 4

Florence Nightingale

Question 5

 Pioneered the Theory of Interpresonal Relations.

Answer 5

Hildegard E. Peplau

Question 6

defined Nursing as “An interpersonal process of therapeutic interactions between an individual who is sick or in need of health services and a nurse specially educated to recognize, respond to the need for help.

Answer 6

Hildegard E. Peplau

Question 7

 Her work is influenced by Henry Stack Sullivan, Percival Symonds, Abraham Maslow, and Neal Elgar Miller

Answer 7

Hildegard E. Peplau

Question 8

 It helps nurses and healthcare providers develop more therapeutic interventions in the clinical setting.

Answer 8

Hildegard E. Peplau

Question 9

 Developed the Care, Cure, Core Theory is also known as the “Three Cs of

Answer 9

Lydia E. Hall

Question 10

defined Nursing as the “participation in care, core, and cure aspects of patient care, where CARE is the sole function of nurses, whereas the CORE and CURE are shared with other members of the health team.”

Answer 10

Lydia E. Hall

Question 11

 The major purpose of care is to achieve an interpersonal relationship with the individual to facilitate the development of the core.

Answer 11

Lydia E. Hall

Question 12

 The “care” circle defines a professional nurse’s primary role, such as providing bodily care for the patient.

Answer 12

Lydia E. Hall

Question 13

 The “core” is the patient receiving nursing care.

Answer 13

Lydia E. Hall

Question 14

 The “cure” is the aspect of nursing that involves the administration of medications and treatments.

Answer 14

Lydia E. Hall

Question 15

 States in her Human to Human Relationship Model that the purpose of nursing was to help and support an individual, family, or community to prevent or cope with the struggles of illness and suffering and, if necessary, to find significance in these occurrences with the ultimate goal being the presence of hope.

Answer 15

Joyce Travelbee

Question 16

 Nursing was accomplished through human-to-human relationships

Answer 16

Joyce Travelbee

Question 17

 Extended the interpersonal relationship theories of Peplau and Orlando.

Answer 17

Joyce Travelbee

Question 18

 She developed the Nursing Process Theory.

Answer 18

Ida Jean Orlando

Question 19

 “Patients have their own meanings and interpretations of situations, and therefore nurses must validate their inferences and analyses with patients before drawing conclusions.”

Answer 19

Ida Jean Orlando

Question 20

 Allows nurses to formulate an effective nursing care plan that can also be easily adapted when and if any complexity comes up with the patient.

Answer 20

Ida Jean Orlando

Question 21

 According to her, persons become patients requiring nursing care when they have needs for help that cannot be met independently because of their physical limitations, negative reactions to an environment, or experience that prevents them from communicating their needs.

Answer 21

Ida Jean Orlando

Question 22

 The role of the nurse is to find out and meet the patients immediate needs for help

Answer 22

Ida Jean Orlando

Question 23

 She pioneered the Philosophy and Theory of Transpersonal Caring.

Answer 23

Jean Watson

Question 24

 “Nursing is concerned with promoting health, preventing illness, caring for the sick, and restoring health.”

Answer 24

Jean Watson

Question 25

 Mainly concerns with how nurses care for their patients and how that caring progresses into better plans to promote health and wellness, prevent illness and restore health.

Answer 25

Jean Watson

Question 26

 Focuses on health promotion, as well as the treatment of diseases

Answer 26

Jean Watson

Question 27

 Caring is central to nursing practice and promotes health better than a simple medical care.

Answer 27

Jean Watson

Question 28

 According to the Conservation Model, “Nursing is human interaction.”

Answer 28

Myra Estrin Levine

Question 29

 Provides a framework within which to teach beginning nursing students.

Answer 29

Myra Estrin Levine

Question 30

 Logically congruent, externally and internally, consistent, has breadth and depth, and is understood, with few exceptions, by professionals and consumers of health care.

Answer 30

Myra Estrin Levine

Question 31

 Theory of Unitary Human Beings

Answer 31

Martha E. Rogers

Question 32

 In Roger’s Theory of Human Beings, she defined Nursing as “an art and science that is humanistic and humanitarian.”

Answer 32

Martha E. Rogers

Question 33

 The Science of Unitary Human Beings contains two dimensions: the science of nursing, which is the knowledge specific to the field of nursing that comes from scientific research; and the art of nursing which involves using nursing creatively, to help better the loves of the patient.

Answer 33

Martha E. Rogers

Question 34

 A patient can’t be separated from his or her environment when addressing health and treatment.

Answer 34

Martha E. Rogers

Question 35

 In her Self-Care theory, she defined Nursing as “The act of assisting others in the provision and management of self-care to maintain or improve human functioning at the home level of effectiveness.”

Answer 35

Dorothea E. Orem

Question 36

 Focuses on each individual’s ability to perform self-care.

Answer 36

Dorothea E. Orem

Question 37

 Composed of three interrelated theories:

Answer 37

a. The theory of self-care, b. The self-care deficit theory, c. The theory of nursing systems.

Question 38

 Which is further classified into wholly compensatory, partially compensatory, and supportive-educative.

Answer 38

Dorothea E. Orem

Question 39

 Composed of three interrelated theories: a. The theory of self-care, b. The self-care deficit theory, c. The theory of nursing systems.

Answer 39

Dorothea E. Orem

Question 40

 Conceptual System and Middle-Range Theory of Goal Attainment.

Answer 40

Imogene M. King

Question 41

 "Nursing is a process of action, reaction and interaction by which nurse and client share information about their perception in a nursing situation" and "a process of human interactions between nurse and client whereby each perceives the other and the situation, and through communication, they set goals, explore means, and agree on means to achieve goals."

Answer 41

Imogene M. King

Question 42

 Focuses on this process to guide and direct nurses in the nurse-patient relationship, going hand-in-hand with their patients to meet good health goals.

Answer 42

Imogene M. King

Question 43

 Explains that the nurse and patient go hand-in-hand in communicating information, set goals together, and then take actions to achieve those goals.

Answer 43

Imogene M. King

Question 44

developed a concept known as "From Novice to Expert."

Answer 44

Patricia Benner

Question 45

 This concept explains that nurses develop skills and an understanding of patient care over time from a combination of a strong educational foundation and personal experiences.

Answer 45

Patricia Benner

Question 46

proposed that a nurse could gain knowledge and skills without actually learning a theory.

Answer 46

Patricia Benner

Question 47

 She describes this as a nurse "knowing how" without "knowing that." She further explains that the development of knowledge in fields such as nursing is made up of the extension of knowledge through research and understanding through clinical experience.

Answer 47

Patricia Benner

Question 48

 The Theory of Caritative Caring was developed

Answer 48

Katie Erikson

Question 49

 This model of nursing distinguishes between caring ethics, the practical relationship between the patient and the nurse, and nursing ethics.

Answer 49

Katie Erikson

Question 50

 Nursing ethics are the ethical principles that guide a nurse's decision-making abilities.

Answer 50

Katie Erikson

Question 51

 Caritative caring consists of love and charity, which is also known as caritas, and respect and reverence for human holiness and dignity.

Answer 51

Katie Erikson

Question 52

 According to the theory, suffering that occurs as a result of a lack of caritative care is a violation of human dignity.

Answer 52

Katie Erikson

Question 53

 In Neuman's System Model, she defined nursing as a "unique profession in that is concerned with all of the variables affecting an individual's response to stress."

Answer 53

Betty Neuman

Question 54

 The focus is on the client as a system (which may be an individual, family, group, or community) and on the client's responses to stressors.

Answer 54

Betty Neuman

Question 55

 The client system includes five variables (physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual).

Answer 55

Betty Neuman

Question 56

 It is conceptualized as an inner core (basic energy resources) surrounded by concentric circles that include lines of resistance, a normal detense line, and a flexible line of defense.

Answer 56

Betty Neuman

Question 57

 In Adaptation Model, defined nursing as a "health care profession that focuses on human life processes and patterns and emphasizes the promotion of health for individuals, families, groups, and society as a whole."

Answer 57

Sister Callista Roy

Question 58

 Views the individual as a set of interrelated systems that strives to maintain a balance between various stimuli.

Answer 58

Sister Callista Roy

Question 59

 Inspired the development of many middle-range nursing theories and adaptation instruments:

Answer 59

Sister Callista Roy

Question 60

 The Behavioral System Model defined Nursing as "an external regulatory force that acts to preserve the organization and integrate the patients' behaviors at an optimum level under those conditions in which the behavior constitutes a threat to the physical or social health or in which illness is found."

Answer 60

Dorothy E. Johnson

Question 61

 Advocates to foster efficient and effective behavioral functioning in the patient to prevent illness and stresses the importance of research-based knowledge about the effect of nursing care on patients.

Answer 61

Dorothy E. Johnson

Question 62

 Culture Care Theory of Diversity and Universality

Answer 62

Madeleine M. Leininger

Question 63

 Defined transcultural nursing as "a substantive area of study and practice focused on comparative cultural care (caring) values, beliefs, and practices of individuals or groups of similar or different cultures to provide culture-specific and universal nursing care practices in promoting health or well-being or to help people to face unfavorable human conditions, illness, or death in culturally meaningful ways."

Answer 63

Madeleine M. Leininger

Question 64

 Involves learning and understanding various cultures regarding nursing and health-illness caring practices, beliefs, and values to implement significant and efficient nursing care services to people according to their cultural values and health-illness context.

Answer 64

Madeleine M. Leininger

Question 65

It focuses on the fact that various cultures have different and unique caring behaviors and different health and illness values, beliefs, and patterns of behaviors.

Answer 65

Madeleine M. Leininger

Question 66

 Health as Expanding Consciousness.

Answer 66

Margaret A. Newman

Question 67

 "Nursing is the process of recognizing the patient in relation to the environment, and it is the process of the understanding of consciousness."

Answer 67

Margaret A. Newman

Question 68

 "The theory of health as expanding consciousness was stimulated by concern for those for whom health as the absence of disease or disability is not possible.

Answer 68

Margaret A. Newman

Question 69

 Nursing is regarded as a connection between the nurse and patient, and both grow in the sense of higher levels of consciousness.

Answer 69

Margaret A. Newman

Question 70

 Human Becoming Theory

Answer 70

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse

Question 71

 "Nursing is a science, and the performing art of nursing is practiced in relationships with persons (individuals, groups, and communities) in their processes of becoming."

Answer 71

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse

Question 72

 Explains that a person is more than the sum of the parts, the environment, and the person is inseparable and that nursing is a human science and art that uses an abstract body of knowledge to help people.

Answer 72

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse

Question 73

 It centered around three themes: meaning, rhythmicity, and transcendence.

Answer 73

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse

Question 74

 Maternal Role Attainment-Becoming a Mother.

Answer 74

Ramona T. Mercer

Question 75

 "Nursing is a dynamic profession with three major foci: health promotion and prevention of illness, providing care for those who need professional assistance to achieve their optimal level of health and functioning, and research to enhance the knowledge base for providing excellent nursing care."

Answer 75

Ramona T. Mercer

Question 76

 "Nurses are the health professionals having the most sustained and intense interaction with women in the maternity cycle."

Answer 76

Ramona T. Mercer

Question 77

 Maternal role attainment is an interactional and developmental process occurring over time. The mother becomes attached to her infant, acquires competence in the caretaking tasks involved in the role, and expresses pleasure and gratification. (Mercer, 1986).

Answer 77

Ramona T. Mercer

Question 78

 Provides proper health care interventions for nontraditional mothers for them to favorably adopt a strong maternal identity.

Answer 78

Ramona T. Mercer

Question 79

 CASAGRA Transformative

Answer 79

Sister Carolina S. Agravante

Question 80

 Leadership Model: Servant-Leader Formula and the Nursing Faculty’s Transformative Leadership Behavior.

Answer 80

Sister Carolina S. Agravante

Question 81

 COMPOSURE Behavior Model.

Answer 81

Carmelita C. Divinagracia

Question 82

 Meaning competence, presence and prayer, open-mindedness, stimulation, understanding, respect and relaxation, and empathy. These are behavior that nurses exhibited to help the patients in their recovery.

Answer 82

Carmelita C. Divinagracia

Question 83

 Retirement and Role Discontinuity Model.

Answer 83

Sister Letty G. Kuan

Question 84

 PREPARE ME Holistic Nursing Interventions.

Answer 84

Carmencita M. Abaquin

Question 85

 Meaning: Presence, Reminisce Therapy, Prayer, Relaxation, and Meditation.

Answer 85

Carmencita M. Abaquin

Question 86

 Theory of Nursing Practice and Career.

Answer 86

Cecilia Marcaida Laurente