Nurs 124 Definitions Flashcards
regression
Returning to an earlier, more primitive form of behaviour in the face of a threat to self-esteem. Example: An adult sulks rather than using problem solving to deal with a difficult situation.
repression
Unconscious forgetting of parts or all of an experience. Example: A woman who was sexually abused as a child may have no memories of the event, but she remains uncomfortable with physical touch as an adult.
denial
Unconscious refusal to allow painful facts, feelings, or perceptions into awareness. Example: A man with a drug addiction will not admit he has a problem despite considerable evidence and feedback from others
rationalization
Offering a plausible excuse or explanation for unacceptable behaviour. Example: A woman who does not get a job promotion rationalizes that she did not want the job anyway.
projection
Attributing unacceptable feelings, facts, behaviours, or attitudes to others; usually expressed as blame. Example: An aggressive person sees others as hostile and angry
displacement
Redirecting feeling onto an object of person considered less of a threat than the original object or person. Example: A man who gets angry at himself for losing money at the casino takes his anger out on his wife.
intellectualization
Unconscious focusing on only the intellectual and not the emotional aspects of a situation or circumstance
reaction formation
Unconscious assuming of traits opposite of undesirable behaviours. Example: Being overly friendly or helpful to someone you dislike.
sublimation
Redirecting socially unacceptable unconscious thoughts and feelings into socially approved outlets. Example: Dealing with anger through involvement with martial arts
undoing
Verbal expression or actions representing one feeling, followed by an expression of the direct opposite
acting out
Emotional conflicts are dealt with through action instead of dealing directly with feelings. Example: A young child deals with her frustrations by breaking her doll
splitting
Seeing or experiencing things only as polar opposites. Example: Seeing others as either perfect or totally inadequate. This defense prevents people from considering more balanced views and expectations of self and others
suppression
Deliberately avoiding thinking about feelings or thoughts that provoke anxiety.
covenant
binding agreement- promise to be a person to achieve a shared goal. Based in relationship between people, it is rooted in values and morals. Mutual, internal.
contract
applies to the whole of society and its members, arrangement, transactional, external
caring (caring service)
given with compassion and promote the ideals of the patient (patient centered care). The needs of the patients are placed in a high priority and that nurses provide physical and emotional comfort to patients.
Transmission model of communication
- linear, one way process
focuses on the sender and the message - not representative of effective communciation
- responsibility is put on the sender
- noise can interfere with the message meant to be sent (environmental and semantic)
Interaction model of communication
interactive, 2 way process
feedback- includes messages in response to the messsages
more interaaction focused
takes physical and psychological context into account
transaction model of communication
communication as a process where communicators generate social realities to create relationships, form intercultural alliances, shape self-concept, engage with others in dialogue to create communities
both are referred to as communicators
you are simultaneously a sender and reciever
therapeutic communication
foundation of nurse- client relationship, has a specific purpose
intended to develop effective interpersonal relationship
definition of barriers to communication
anything that interupts communication
bridges to communication
- caring and respect
- trust and veracity
- mutuality
- empathy
- confidentiality
- ethical behavior
barriers to communication examples
- anxiety
-stereotyping - space violations
- confidentiality violation
anxiety
- barrier to effective communication
- cause defnece mechanisms to be activted
- vague, persistant feeling of impending doom
- universal feeling
-impact is uncomfortable
what are defense mechanisms?
- coping styles
- automatic, phychological processses that protect individual against anxiety
what are properties of defense mechanisms?
- means of managing conflict and affects
- unconscious
- discrete from one another
-reversible
strategies for addressing anxiety
- active listening
- honesty
- explain procedures
- act calm
- speak clearly
- give info
- set limits and structure
- distraction strategies
- self regulation
culture
set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual, and emotional features of a soceity or social group which encompasses lifestyles, ways of living, traditions, and beliefs
what is a relational approach to culture?
- it is not static but it is dynamic–> culture is always changing
- we need to be aware of how culture impacts communication
- people are seletively responding and integrating historical, political, economic, etc structures
what is constuctivist culture
- shared patterns, values, and behaviour
- relational
- expansive
- dynamic
- selectively responding and integrating
- people relate to multiple cultures
spirituality
connectedness, transcendence, meaning
relationship between culture and spirituality
culture and spirituatliy intersect
what is a relational approach to culture and spirituality
- positioning youself as an inquirer who is in a space of knowing and not knowing, being curious, and looking for what seems significant
cultural awareness
being concious of one’s own culturally shaped values, beliefs, perceptions, and biases. Observing ones reactions to cultures who differ from their own
cultural sensitivity
being aware that cultural differences and similarities between people exist without assigning them a value- positive or negative, better or worse.
culture knowledge
knowing some cultural characteristics, history, value, beliefs, behaviors of another ethnic or cultural group
culture competence
the ability of a person to effectively interact, work, and develop meaningful relationships with people of various cultural backgrounds.
culture safety
environment which is spiritually, socially, and emotionally safe, as well as physically safe for people that allows them not to deny their identity
cultural humility
ongoing process of self-exploration and self-critique combined with a willingness to learn from others.
phases of the nurse patient relationship
1) orientation
2) working- engagement and assesment- problem solving, planning
3) resolution- problem resolved, evaluation
facilitative strategies
“uh huh”, “Tell me more”, nodding. Strategies that encourage individuals to elaborate.
open-ended questions
questions that seek narrative information, are general or broad, and that cannot be answered with one word, usually begin with who, what, where, when, how, and sometimes why
closed questions
can usually be answered with one or two words; ‘yes’ or ‘no’; typically begin with can, did, are, have, is, will, would, do
focused question
centre on key elements of the narrative where you need further
paraphrasing
transforming the patient’s message into your own words without losing the meaning
summarizing
pulling information together across the interaction or several interactions, followed by a request for validation that your understanding is correct
clarifying
seeking more information or elaboration of something that was said (often using focused questions)
SURETY
Sit at an angle
Uncross your arms
Relax
Eye contact
Touch
Your intuition
empathy
understanding another person’s emotions and experiences while suspending your own view point
attunement
occurs when one person allows his/her state of mind to be influenced by another. A phrased sometime used is when one “feels felt” by the other person. Allowing your own internal state to shift
validation
confirming with another person one’s thoughts or feelings with respect to a specific event or behaviour
Or
o Trying to hear, understand, and acknowledge a person’s feeling as important
o Accept the person’s feeling for what it is
o Making the connection between the person’s behaviour and his/her feeling
silence
used intentionally; allows the patients to think, but non-verbally expressing interest
sharing observations
communicate what you see, starts conversation, without judgement or unwarranted conclusions; You look tired versus You look tired, were you up all night?
sharing hope
communicating a sense of possibility;
touch
identified as a way to build trust; communicate human connection; ensure clarity in intention of the use of touch (emotional support, attending, comfort); follow pts lead; use with caution.
challenging distortions
presenting the patient with a different perspective of the situation
reframing
offering a different positive interpretation designed to broaden the patient’s perspective
