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Microbiology > Chapter 6: Microbial Growth > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Microbial Growth Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 5 Is to purify and characterize organisms?

A
  1. Inoculation- place sample in sterile medium
  2. Incubation- create proper growth environment
  3. Isolation- result of inoculation and incubation
  4. Inspection- observe macroscopic and microscopic characters
  5. Identification- look at morphological characteristics, differential staining, biochemical tests
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2
Q

What is carbon responsible for in bacterial growth?

A

-required to make structural molecules
- autotrophs use CO2 as carbon source and inorganisc salts as N source
-heterotrophs use organic carbon sources

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3
Q

What is nitrogen responsible for in bacterial growth?

A
  • used to make amino acids and proteins
    -comes from atmosphere but in order for heterotroph (animal) to process it, it has to be fixed by autotrophs (plants)
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4
Q

What is sulfur responsible for in bacterial growth?

A
  • used in amino acids, vitamins (thiamine and biotin)
  • important sources of sulfur is sulfate ion, hydrogen sulfide
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5
Q

What is phosphorous responsible for in bacterial growth?

A

used in DNA, RNA, ATP and membranes
- important source- phosphate ion

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6
Q

What is oxygen responsible for in bacterial growth?

A
  • used to distinguish between different organims
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7
Q

obligate aerobe

A

needs more oxygen
obtain energy by respiration
produce SOD (superoxidative dismutase) and dismutase
(high oxy con on top of tube)

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8
Q

facultative anaerobe

A

prefer oxygen
grow in the presensce or absence of oxygen
produce SOD and catalase
can carry out respiration and fermentation

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9
Q

examples of obligate aerobes

A

1) micrococcus and corynebacterium (skin)
2) pseudomonas aeruginosa (burn infections)
3) bordetella pertussis (whooping cough)
4) mycobacterium tuberculosis (lung disease tuberculosis)

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10
Q

examples of facultative anaerobes

A

1) escherichia coli, salmonella, shigella (LI)
2) staphylococcus (s.aureus)
3) saccharomyces (s. cereviceae) (bakers yeast/produces alcohol in the absense of oxygen)

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11
Q

aerotolerant anaerobe

A

ignore oxygen
similar to anaerobes (do not require oxygen)
produce SOD and some catalase

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12
Q

examples of aerotolerant anaerobes

A

1)lactobacillus (lactic acid rods in the vagia used to keep acidic environment
2)streptococcus (lactic acid cocci)
- streptococcus pyogenes- sore throat, tonsilitis, scarlet fever
streptococcus pneumoniae- bacterial pneummiae

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13
Q

strict anaerobe

A

oxygen is toxic
do not produce either SOD or catalase
mostly carry out fermentation

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14
Q

examples of strict anaerobes

A

1) clostridium tetani (reduces toxin related to tetanus)
2)clostridium botulinum (unsealed foods)
3)clostridium difficle
4) bacteriodes (normal itenstinal flora associated with appendicitus)

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15
Q

microaerophile

A

requires less oxygen
growth occurs only where a low concentration of oxygen has diffused into a medium
produce SOD and catalase

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16
Q

examples of microaerophiles

A

1) neisseria spp (pathogenic/nonpathogenic species
- neisseria gonorrheae (STD- gonorrhea)
-neisseria meningitidis (meningitis)

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17
Q

physical requirements

A

-temperature
-pH
-osmotic pressure
-radiation, atmospheric pressure

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18
Q

psychrophiles

A

love cold temperature
found in deep sea, polar regions
min-10 degrees
opt.15 degrees
max 20 degrees

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19
Q

psychrotrophs

A

tolerate cold temp
cause spoilage of refigerated foods
min 0 degrees
opt 25 degrees
max 30 degrees

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20
Q

mesophiles

A

require moderate temp
cause food spoilage and diseases
min 15 degrees
opt 20-40 degrees
max 45 degrees

21
Q

thermophiles

A

love high temp
not considered health problems
min 45 degrees
opt 55-70 degrees
max 80 degrees

22
Q

hyperthermophiles

A

love extreme high temp
grow near deep sea vents
min 65 degrees
opt 85-95 degrees
max 105 degrees

23
Q

what are the 3 types of organisms based on growth optimum pH?

A

acidophiles 0-5.5 pH (acidic)
neutrophiles 5.5-8 pH (neutral)
alkalophiles 8.5-11.5 pH (basic/alkaline)

24
Q

helicobacter pylori

A

lives in stomach under mucus layer and cuases stomach ulcers by weakening the mucus layer

25
Q

hypertonic solution

A

more salt in the solution then outside the cell. water flows from the cell so the cytoplasm will shrink (plasmolysis)
high con outside cell
low con inside cell

26
Q

hypotonic solution

A

more salt inside the cell then outside
high con inside cell
low con outside cell

27
Q

isotonic solution

A

organisms thrive because there is an equal amount of solute and water

28
Q

4 different microorganisms based on salt concentration

A

1) halophile- grow optimally at more then 0.2M - salt lovers
2) nonhalophiles- grow at less then 0.2M NaCl con
3) facultative halophiles- prefer non-salt envrionment but can grow in the presence of salt
4) extreme (obligate) halophiles- require more then 0.2M (30% salt)- organism that requires high salt con for growth

29
Q

bacterial growth requirements

A

chemical- carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulpher, etc
physcial- temperature, pH, osmotic pressure

30
Q

culture medium

A

nutrients prepared for microbial growth

31
Q

sterile

A

no living microbes

32
Q

inoculum

A

microbes introduced into the medium

33
Q

culture

A

microbes growing in/on culture medium

34
Q

culture medium can be: (3)

A

1) liquid (broth)
2) semi-solid (deeps)
3) solid (plate)

35
Q

agar

A

complex polysacharide
used as solidifying agent for culture media in petri plates, slants, and deeps
generally not metabolized by microbes
liquifies at 100 degrees
solifies at 40 degrees

36
Q

complex/non-synthetic

A

same components not known or quantified (nutrient agar and broth)

37
Q

“enriched” functional type of media

A

nutrients that favor growth of select bacteria ex. blood agar, chocolate agar
(grow organism)

38
Q

“differential” functional type of media

A

distinguises bateria growing on the same plate ex. blood agar
(used to tell things apart- looking at what is now growing)

39
Q

“selective” functional type of media

A

encourages growth of some particular bacteria while suppressing growth of unwanted bacteria ex. MacConkey agar
(introduces chemical that discourages one bacteria but encouraes another, one group growing and other not)

40
Q

BSL1

A

low individual and community risk
microoganism that handle in a basic microbiology teaching lab
ex. nonpathogenic E.coli, yeast

41
Q

BSL2

A

moderate individual risk, low community risk
microorganisms that present a moderate risk for infection; operators should wear gloves, lab coats, etc

42
Q

BSL3

A

high individual risk, low community risk
microorganisms are highly infectious airborne pathogens; the lab should be negatively pressuraized and equipped with air filters to prevent the release of pathogens
ex- mycobacterium tuberculosis, bacillus anthracis, west nile virus, SARS corona virus, salmonella typhi

43
Q

BSL4

A

high individual risk, high community risk
microorganisms are highly infectious airborne pathogen. No known cure.
ex- ebola virus, lassa virus, small pox

44
Q

4 different ways bacteria can divide by

A

1) binary fission (one cell divides into 2 daughter cells
2) budding (one cell produces a small bud which pinches off to become its own cell)
3) condiospores (formation of spores, reproductive spores, one bacteria forms, spores can germinate to become independent cells)
4) fragmentation (organism breaks into pieces of an organism and starts a life as a new organism)

45
Q

lag phase

A

making new enzymes in response to new medium, intense activity preparing for population growth but no increase in population

46
Q

4 phases of growth

A

1) lag phase
2) log phase
3) stationary phase
4) death phase

47
Q

log phase

A

exponential growth
most senstive to drugs and radiation during this period
logarithmic gorwth due to reproduction by binary fission (bacteria) or mitosis (yeast)

48
Q

stationary phase

A

nutrients becoming limiting or waste products becoming toxic
death rate= division rate
period of equilibrium; microbial deaths balance production of new cells

49
Q

death phase

A

death exceeds division
population is decreasing at a logarithmic rate

Microbiology (11 decks)

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