Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Chapter 14: Epidemiology > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Epidemiology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

human microbiome

A

microrgansims in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

normal flora/ microbiome

A

healthy microrganisms in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

probiotics

A

healthy microrganisms introduced into the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

symbiosis
mutualism
commensalism
parasitism

A

symbiosis- interaction of species with one another
mutualism- both organisms benefit
commensalism- one benefits where the other is unaffected
parasitism- one benefits where the other is harmed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

oppertunistic pathogens

A

normal microbiota becoming pathogenic ex E.coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

microbial antagonism

A

competition between microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Koch’s postulates

A

1) pathogen present in every case of disease
2) pathogen isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
3) pathogen must cause disease in healthy animal
4) pathogen must be shown to be the orignal pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Exceptions to Koch’s postulates

A
  • some pathogens cause multiple signs and symptoms (hard to trace signs and symptoms to microbes, ex. strep throat)
  • diseases can be caused by multiple pathogens (hard to identify original pathogen, ex. pneumonia)
    -some pathogens can’t be grown in pure culture (ex. sphyillis)
  • some pathogens only infect humans (difficult to test for cause because it is unethical, ex. small pox)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

incidence number

A

number of people n a population who develop a disease during a time period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

prevalance number

A

number of people who develop a disease at a specified time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

acute disease

A

develops rapidly but lasts a short time (influenza)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

latent infection

A

agent remains inactive until it produces symptoms (cold sores)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

chronic infection

A

develops more more slowly for a longer time (cancer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

slow infection

A

progressively worse over time (mad cow disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

local infection

A

pathogen limited to a small area (acne)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

systemic infection

A

affects multiple organs, spreads via blood/lymph (HIV)

17
Q

focal infection

A

travels through blood, only causes disease in one organ (Hep B)

18
Q

subclinical infection

A

no noticable signs/symptoms

19
Q

bacteremia

A

bacteria in the blood

20
Q

viremia

A

viruses in the blood

21
Q

toxemia

A

toxins in the blood

22
Q

septicemia

A

multiplication of pathogens in the blood

23
Q

stages of a disease

A

1) incubation- no signs/ symptoms
2) prodrome- mild signs/ symptoms
3) illness- most severe disease
4) decline- signs and symptoms decline

24
Q

reservoirs for infection

A

pathogens survives, replicates, and transmits it to others
human
animal
nonliving

25
Q

transmission of disease

A

1) Contact transmission
- Direct contact: horizontal (spread by physical contact) and vertical (spread from mother to baby)
- Indirect contact: fomites (inanimate objects that facilitates spread of a pathogen)
- Droplet transmission (short range droplet nuclei)
2) Vehicle transmission
- foodborne (inapproprately handled foods)
- waterborne (fecal contaminated water)
- airborne (small droplets that remain airborn for longtime)
3) Vector transmission
- mechanical (passive trasnsport of pathogen (fly landing on burger)
- biological (biting/ feeding on the host)

26
Q

nosocomial infections

A

HAI, hospital acquired infections ex c.diff

27
Q

why is there an expectation of increased incidents of emerging pathogens? (7)

A

1) globalization
2) growing immunocompromised population
3) climate change
4) expanding human population
5) decreading herd immunity
6) antibiotic resitant organisms
7) increasing recongnition of new clinical symptoms

28
Q

what is herd immunity?

A

waning immune respnse in vasccinated individuals, unvaccinted or inadequately vaccinated populations

29
Q

epidemiology

A

study of diseases nad its causes
tries to determine:
- causative agent
-source and/or reservoir of agent
- mechanism of transmission
-host and environmental factors that facilitate development of disease
-best control methods

30
Q

communicable disease

A

disease that can spread from one host to another (ex chicken pox)

31
Q

contagious disease

A

disease that is easily spread from one host to another (ex. COVID)

32
Q

nonconmmunicable disease

A

disease that is not easily spread from one host to another (ex. botulism)

33
Q

studies of epidemiology

A

1) desciptive: collection and analysis of disease
2) analytical- case control- healthy vs unhealthy
3) experimental- hypothesis- controlled experiments

34
Q

who was John Snow? (1813-1858)

A

-used descriptive study
- responsible for determining a cause for chlorea
- suspected cholera was the cause of seage conmination
compared addresses of people with chloera and their source of water and concluded the place Broad Street pump was the chloera outbreak

35
Q

who was Florence Nightingale? (1820-1910)

A

-used analytical study
-responsible for improving sanitary conditions in military hospitals
-sharply cut death rate and saved thousands of lives
-collected data for the amound of people dying for preventative measures

36
Q

who was Ignaz Semelweis? (1818-1865)

A
  • used experimental study
    -responsible for recongnzing and documenting the incidence of puerperal fever in hospitals
    -higher death rate of mothers who gave birth in hospitals compared to those by midwives because the physcians didnt wash their hands
  • kept careful records of the numbers of deaths from childbed fever compared to midwife aid
37
Q

epidemic

A

outbreak that affects an entire region in a country or group of countries (measles)

38
Q

pandemic

A

outbreak on a global scale (ex COVID 19)

39
Q

endemic

A

disease that normally occurs in a particular geographic area within a certain period of time (flu)

Microbiology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions