Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

NUR 144 Lectrure > NUR 144 - Week 4 - Low GI > Flashcards

NUR 144 - Week 4 - Low GI Flashcards

1
Q

Small Intestine

Functions
Sections

A

Function is absorption
Sections:
- Duodenum
- Jejunum
- Ileum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Large Intestine

A

Ascending-Transverse-Descending-Sigmoid-Rectum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the function of the gut microbiome?

A
  • Breakdown waste
  • Vitamin synthesis
  • Immune function

Colonization begins at birth and is established by the age of 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are factors that influence the gut microbiome?

A
  • Age
  • Genetics
  • Diet
  • Personal hygiene, infections
  • Vaccinations, medications (antibiotics)
  • Chronic disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are lab studies in regards to the lower GI system?

A
  • Colonoscopy (#1 test for colon cancer)
  • Serum lab studies
  • Stool tests
  • Ultrasonography
  • Genetic testing
  • Imaging studies: CT, PET, MRI, scintigraphy, virtual colonoscopy
  • Sigmoidoscopy / colonoscopy
  • Lower GI tract study
  • GI motility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the #1 test for colon cancer?

A

Colonoscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Constipation

What is it?
Causes?

A

Fewer than three bowel movements weekly; bowel movements that are hard, dry, small, difficult to pass

Cause:
- Most meds
- Chronic laxative use
- Lack of exercise
- Weakness, immobility, fatigue
- Lack on intra-abdominal pressure
- Diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Constipation

What to assess?

A
  • Fewer than three bowel movements per week
  • Hard, dry stools
  • Abdominal distention, pain, bloating
  • Sense of incomplete evacuation
  • Straining at stool
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Constipation

What are the complications?

A
  • Decreased cardiac output
  • Fecal impaction
  • Hemorrhoids (swollen, inflamed blood in anus)
  • Fissures (cracks)
  • Rectal prolapse (rectum comes out)
  • Megacolon (dilated, atonic colon)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Constipation

Diagnostic tests

A
  • Thorough hx and physical examination
  • Barium enema
  • Sigmoidoscopy, stool testing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Constipation

Management and Teaching

A
  • Correct underlying cause (may require change in pt’s meds)
  • Teach normal bowel patterns
  • Support legs during bm
  • Attempt bm after meals or warm drink
  • Increase fiber and fluid
  • Exercise + activity (abdominal strength)
  • Laxative
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Diarrhea

What is it?
Differentiate acute-persistent-chronic

A

Increased frequency of bowel movements, more than three per day

  • Usually associated with urgency, perianal discomfort, incontinence

Can be:
1) Acute: Self-limiting; 1-2 days
- Noninflammatory: large volume, noninvasive enteric pathogens
- Inflammatory: small-volume, pathogens that invade mucosa

2) Persistent: 2-4 weeks (often viral or related to meds)

3) Chronic: more than 4 weeks
- Causes: Parasite, c-diff, chemo, cardiac meds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Diarrhea

What to assess for?

A
  • Increased frequency and fluid content
  • Abdominal cramps
  • Distention
  • Borborygmic
  • Anorexia, thirst
  • Painful, spastic contraction of anus
  • Tenesmus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Diarrhea

Diagnostic test

A
  • CBC
  • Serum chemistries
  • Urinalysis
  • Stool examination
  • Endoscopy or barium enema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Diarrhea

Treatment

A
  • Antidiarrheal, antibiotics, probiotics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Diarrhea

Complications

A
  • Fluid / electrolyte imbalances
  • Dehydration cardiac dysrhythmias
  • Chronic diarrhea = skin care issues r/t irritant dermatitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Diarrhea

Patient teaching

A
  • Rest
  • Diet / fluid intake
  • I/O
  • Avoid irritating foods: caffeine, carbonated beverages, hot and cold foods
  • Perianal skin care
  • Avoid: milk, fat, whole grains, fruit, veggies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Fecal incontinence

What is it?
What causes it?

A

Anal sphincter weakness

Causes:

  • Traumatic: ex = surgery
  • Nontraumatic: ex = scleroderma
  • Neuropathy
  • Inflammation
  • CNS disorders
  • Diarrhea, fecal impaction + overflow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Fecal Incontinence

Assessment

A
  • Minor soiling to complete incontinence
  • Occasional urgency
  • Loss of control
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Fecal Incontinence

Diagnosis

A
  • Hx
  • Rectal examination
  • Endoscopy
  • Radiography
  • CT scan
21
Q

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

What is it?
Causes?

A

Chronic functional:
- Recurrent abdominal pain, associated with disordered bowel movement
- may include: diarrhea, constipation or both

Cause:
- neuroendocrine dysregulation leads to = altered peristalsis
- Chronic stress
- Sleep deprivation
- Surgery
- Infection
- Diverticulitis

22
Q

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

What to assess for?

A
  • Alteration in bowel pattersn
  • Pain
  • Bloating
  • Abdominal distention
23
Q

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Diagnostic tests

A

-Rome IV Criteria
- Stool studies
- Contract radiography studies
- Proctoscopy, colonoscopy
- Manometry

24
Q

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Teaching

A
  • Mediation management
  • Complimentary medicine
  • Dietary changes
  • Food diary
  • Adequate fluid intake
  • Avoid alcohol, smoking
25
Malabsorption What is it? s/s?
Inability of the digestive system to absorb one or more major vitamins, minerals, nutrients s/s: - Unintentional weight loss - Muscle wasting - Weakness, fatigue - Abdominal bloating, discomfort - Chronic diarrhea / loose stools - Gas / flatulence
26
Malabsorption What to assess for?
- Diarrhea - Frequent, loose, high-fat content stools - s/s similar to IBS - Weight loss & vitamin, mineral deficiency
27
Malabsorption Diagnostic Tests
- Fat analysis - Lactose tolerance test - D-xylose absorption tests
28
Malabsorption Patient education
- Vitamin replacement - Dietary therapy - Probiotics
29
Celiac's Disease What is it? s-s/what to assess for?
Autoimmune disease with hereditary component; "Body's immune system attack small intestine when gluten is consumed which = inflammation + damage to the villi." s/s / Assessment: - Diarrhea, steatorrhea - Constipation - Failure to thrive, weight loss - Abdominal distention, bloating - Poor muscle tone - Irritability, listlessness - Dental disorders - Anemia
30
Celiac's disease Treatment Interventions
Treatment: Gluten free diet for life Interventions: Dietary consult, support
31
Which foods must a patient which Celiac's disease avoid?
Foods containing gluten Wheat, Barley, rye, oats Bread, pasta, cereals, baked goods, beer, gravy (often thickened w/ flour)
32
Acute abdomen What is it? Potential causes?
Or "Surgical abdomen" Umbrella term for: acute onset of pain without trauma that requires swift surgical intervention Potential cause: - Peritonitis - Cholecystitis - Pancreatitis Peritonitis: -Primary: Spontaneous infection (often w/ liver failure) -Secondary: Follows perforation abdominal organs -Tertiary: Superinfection in immunocompromised patient
33
Acute abdomen Treatment Nursing care
Treatment: - Control infection - Fluids - Meds: Pain, antiemetic, antibiotic therapy (large dose, broad spectrum) Nursing care: - Monitor closely for change in bowel function - Monitor closely for sepsis
34
Diverticular disease
Diverticular disease is the presence of the diverticula "sacs" in the colon. Inflammation, abscess is not necessarily present Diverticular disease increases with age; associated with a low-fiber diet Diverticulum: Sac-like herniation (or pouch) of the bowel lining Diverticulosis: Multiple diverticula w/ no inflammation Diverticulitis: infection and inflammation of diverticula
35
Diverticular disease How to diagnose?
Usually diagnosed via colonoscopy NOT FOR DIVERTICULITIS
36
Diverticular disease Assessment
- Bowel irregularity - Alternating constipation + diarrhea - Nausea, anorexia, bloating/distention - Left lower quadrant pain; most common in sigmoid colon If abscess: - Bleeding - Tenderness - Palpable mass - Peritonitis
37
Intestinal Obstruction What is it? Mechanical vs. Functional/paralytic
Blockage prevents normal flow of intestinal contents through intestinal tract Mechanical: - Intraluminal obstruction or mural obstruction from pressure on intestinal wall Functional/paralytic obstruction: - Intestine muscles cannot move contents through the bowel - can be temporary and the result of manipulation of bowel during surgery
38
Intestinal Obstruction Treatment? Interventions?
Treatment: - Decompression with NG tube insertion - Surgical intervention Interventions: - Maintain function of NG tube - Assess & measure NG output - Assess for fluid/electrolyte imbalance
39
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) What is it? How to assess for it?
Umbrella term for: - Crohn's disease - Ulcerative colitis Assessments: - Health hx to identify: onset, duration, characteristics of pain, diarrhea, urgency, tenesmus, nausea, anorexia, weight l
40
Crohn's Disease: What is it? s/s? Assessment?
Subacute and chronic inflammation of the GI tract wall through all layers s/s & disease progresion: - Inflammation --> abscesses --> ulcers & scarring - CObblestone appearance - Skip lesions - Narrowing of bowel lumen (diameter) Assessment: - Diarrhea and RLQ pain - Crampy abdominal pain, tenderness after meals - Weight loss, malnutrition, anemia
41
What are the two most common clinical manifestations in Crohn's disease?
Abdominal pain & diarrhea
42
Ulcerative Colitis What is it? s/s & disease progression Assessment
Chronic ulcerative and inflammatory disease of the mucosal and submucosal layers of the colon and rectum s/s & Disease progression: - Periods of remission and exacerbations typically starting in the rectum, progressing proximally through the colon Assessment: - Abdominal cramps with bloody or purulent diarrhea - Bleeding is from ulceration - LLQ pain - Pallor, anemia, fatigue - Anorexia, weight loss, fever, vomiting Treatment: Probiotics Complications: Toxic megacolon
43
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Complications
- Electrolyte imbalance - Cardiac dysrhythmias - GI bleeding with fluid loss - Perforation of the bowel
44
45
Anorectal Conditions
Proctitis: Inflammation of the mucosa of the rectum
46
Ulcerative colitis vs crohns
47
What foods pt with celiacs should avoid
48
Perylitic obstruction results in no bowel sounds (?) and then produce NG tbue
49

NUR 144 Lectrure (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions