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neuro > nuero lab neurons, neuroglia and dev of NS > Flashcards

nuero lab neurons, neuroglia and dev of NS Flashcards

1
Q

main difference betw neurons and neuroglia

A

neurons - excitable cells
neuroglia - non-excitable

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2
Q

these are the functional unit of the NS

A

neurons

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3
Q

these are the supporting cells of the NS

A

neuroglia

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4
Q

what are the functions of neurons

A

they receive and conduct impulses

they can also be electrically excited = action potential

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5
Q

what are the parts of a neuron

A

dendrites
soma
axon

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6
Q

function of dendrites

A

receive, process and transmit signal to soma

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7
Q

function of soma

A

processes and integrates signal and has nucleus and stores DNA

basta CPU ng neurons

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8
Q

function of axons

A

transmit information between neurons or away to muscles and glands

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9
Q

describe the structure of the axon

A

initial segment is the first portion then it divides to pre-synaptic terminals which ends at synaptic knobs/terminal buttons

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10
Q

where is impulse transmitted in neurons

A

along the axis to its termination

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11
Q

what do neurons respond to

A

electrical, chemical and mechanical stimuli

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12
Q

electrical, chemical and mechanical stimuli produces _____ in neurons

A

producing local or propagated potentials

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13
Q

how are neurons classified

A

according to the number of processes attached sa soma

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14
Q

neuroglia comprises _____ of vol of brain and SC

A

half of total volume - outnumbers neurons by 5-10x

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15
Q

what is the function of neuroglia

A

binds neurons together and facilitates their functioning

does not conduct AP

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16
Q

relate neuroglia and brain injury

A

they proliferate after brain injury

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17
Q

which are smaller neurons or neuroglia

A

glial cells are generally smaller

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18
Q

how are neuroglia classified

A

according to size - micro/macroglia

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19
Q

what are the types of neurons according to shape

A

unipolar
pseudounipolar
bipolar
multipolar

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20
Q

describe the structure of unipolar

A

only one process extends from soma - receiving and transmitting na

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21
Q

the neurite in unipolar divides into ?

A

2 branches

peripheral - referred as dendrite but not rlly one
CNS

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22
Q

where are unipolar neurons found

A

pang sensory lang sha pero usually sa insects lang wala sa tao

for muscle and gland stimulation sa insects

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23
Q

describe the structure of pseudounipolar

A

short branch coming from soma then in divides into two long processes

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24
Q

where does pseudounipolar attach

A

one end in sensory organ the other in DRG

so sensory neurons sha in humans

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25
Q

describe the structure of bipolar

A

cell body with 2 processes connected to soma - axon and dendrite

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26
Q

give an example of bipolar neuron

A

bipolar cell of retina - dendrite receives signals from photoreceptors tas axon will transmit away

retinal bipolar cells, cochlear and vestibular sensory cells

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27
Q

what type of neuron splits its axon into 2

A

pseudounipolar

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28
Q

where are pseudounipolar seen in the body

A

most cranial nerves’ sensory ganglia

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29
Q

describe the structure of multipolar

A

many dendrites and one axon

longest process is axon tas the rest are dendrites

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30
Q

where are multipolar found

A

sa brain and SC; most common type sa CNS

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31
Q

give an example of multipolar in the body

A

purkinje cells of cerebral cortex

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32
Q

where can purkinje cells be seen

A

fiber tracts of brain and SC, spinal nerves and motor cells of SC

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33
Q

what are the types of neurons according to size

A

golgi type 1 and golgi type 2

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34
Q

describe the structure of golgi type 1

A

larger in size, long axons usually more than meter tas may dendrites din

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35
Q

what is the function of golgi type I

A

relay info from one region of the brain to another - dendrites receive tas axons will transmit away from soma

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36
Q

where are golgi type I usually seen

A

peripheral nerves and tracts of brain and SC

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37
Q

give examples of golgi type I

A

pyramidal cells of cerebra cortex

purkinje cells of cerebellar cortex

motor cells of SC

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38
Q

describe the structure of golgi type II

A

smaller bodies with short or no axons at all kc nag tterminate agad sa near by cell

and short dendrites

star shaped

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39
Q

function of golgi type II

A

small local interactions bet 2 neurons - interneurons sha

and inhib in nature

40
Q

which is mas madami golgi type I or II

A

type II outnumbers type I in cerebral and cerebellar cortex

41
Q

what are they types of neuroglia

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
ependymal cells
microglial

42
Q

what are the function of astrocytes

A

maintains blood-brain barrier
supports neurons and anchor them to nutrient supp lines
regulate external chemical environment
functions as phagocytes

43
Q

further exp how astrocytes maintains blood-brain barrier

A

protective membrane around brain and SC that allows respiratory gasses to pass but block anything larger

also produces substances that are tropic to neurons

helps maintain correct concentration of ions and neurotransmitters

44
Q

further exp how astrocytes supports neurons and anchor them to nutrient supp lines

A

supporting framework of neurons; scaffolding of CNS

45
Q

further exp how astrocytes regulate external chemical environment

A

removes excess potassium ions and recycling neurotransmitters released during synaptic transmission

46
Q

further exp how astrocytes functions as phagocytes

A

di nag rregen and neurons so they take up degenerating parts ganun

47
Q

what are the two types of astrocytes and their function

A

protoplasmic and fibrous - stores glycogen and phagocytes for the degenerating synaptic axon terminals

48
Q

compare the loc of protoplasmic and fibrous

A

proto - gray matter
fibrous - white matter

49
Q

what are the functions of oligodendrocytes

A

myelinate axons in CNS
influence biochem of neurons

50
Q

further exp how oligodendrocytes myelinate axons in the CNS

A

lines along the nerve and produces insulating layer of myelin sheath

51
Q

what is the significance of myelination of axons

A

allows rapid saltatory conduction of impulses and also contributes to axonal integrity

52
Q

how many internodal segments can be covered by 1 oligodendrocyte

A

60 internal segments - kaya pag na damage 1 oligo = 6 0 segments removed and walang propagation

53
Q

what in the function og schwann cells

A

myelinates axons all nerve fibers in the PNS

also maintains and regenerates motor and sensory neurons of PNS

54
Q

how many myelin sheath created w 1 schwann cell

A

1 schwann = 1 myelin

55
Q

where are ependymal cells found

A

lines ventricles or cavities of the brain and central canal of spine

56
Q

describe the structure of ependymal cells

A

cuboidal in shape and make up a single layer with microvilli and cilia

57
Q

what is the function of ependymal cells

A

secrete and move CSF throughout cavities of CNS

filter mats from nearby bv to create CSF
facilitate flow of CSF by using cilia to circulate it

58
Q

what are the 2 types of ependymal cells

A

ependymocytes and
choroidal epithelial cells

59
Q

what are ependymocytes

A

circulates and absorb the CSF;

tanycytes which transport substances from CSF to hypophyseal-portal system

60
Q

what are choroidal epithelial cells

A

from choroid plexus and the produce and secrete CSF

61
Q

where is CSF made from

A

from blood plasma - ultrafiltrate of blood

62
Q

what is the function of microglial cells

A

removes cell debris wastes and pathogens from site s of injury via phagocytosis - migrates to site of lesion

immune cells of CNS

63
Q

what is the significance of microglial cells

A

can be used to detect injuries to the neuron

if high levels in lab test - presence of nerve tissue damage; may degenerative disease of NS

64
Q

where can microglial cells be found

A

scattered in CNS and are active there

inactive in normal brain and SC

65
Q

what are the phases of nerve AP

A

resting stage
depolarization
overshoot
repolarization
hyperpolarization

66
Q

discuss resting stage

A

may resting potential of -90 mV before start of AP

sodium potassium pump - 3 Na out, 2 K in

and potassium leak channels - maintain RMP

67
Q

discuss depolarization stage

A

positive Na ions will diffuse into membrane = depol if na reach yung threshold potential of -55 mV

dahil too positive na yung loob ng cell mag oovershoot are mag ppositive yung mV nya

68
Q

discuss overshoot

A

as sodium ions enter eventually mag ccome to a point na it will pass the 0 mark and become positive

69
Q

discuss repolarization

A

sodium channels now close and potassium opens so mag kaka potassium efflux - makes membrane negative again

70
Q

discuss hyperpolarization

A

since slow closing anf K channels magiging sobrang negative naman due to efflux - absolute refractory period na toh and di na kaya mag stimulate ng nerve

71
Q

when does anterior and posterior neuropore close

A

ant - 26th day
post - 28th day

72
Q

what are the 3 main germ layers

A

entoderm
mesoderm
ectoderm

73
Q

discuss the entoderm

A

innermost and gives rise to lungs, liver, GI tract

74
Q

discuss the mesoderm

A

middle layer and gives rise to connective tissues, vascular system and muscles

75
Q

discuss the ectoderm

A

outermost and gives rise to entire nervous system

formed by columnar epithelium cells

76
Q

how is neural plate formed

A

thickening of ectoderm betw primitive knot and buccopharyngeal memb on dorsal surface of embryo

pear shaped and wider cranially

77
Q

how is neural groove and folds formed

A

plate will develop a longitudinal neural groove with elevated folds thus forming neural folds

78
Q

how is neural tube formed

A

fusion of neural folds starting cranially-caudally also will form the neuropores

79
Q

what are neural crest cells

A

some cells are not incorporated in the neural tube they will from a strip of ectodermal cells betw neural tube and ectoderm

80
Q

neural crest cells will migrate _____

A

anterolaterally

81
Q

what do neural crest cells differentiate into

A

posterior root ganglia
sensory ganglia of CN
autonomic ganglia
melanocytes
suprarenal medullary cells

82
Q

what are the 3 dilations formed at the cephalic end of neural tube

A

forebrain vesicle - prosencephalon

midbrain vesicle - mesencephalon

hindbrain vesicle - rhombencephalon

primary vesicle - primary division

83
Q

how does the neural tube cells become primary brain vesicles

A

interaction of cells with one another

84
Q

what are the subdivision of primary divisions

A

prosencephalon - telencephalon and diencephalon

mesencephalon - mesencephalon

rhombencephalon - metencephalon and myelencephalon

85
Q

adult structures derived from telencephalon

A

cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia and hippocampus

86
Q

adult structures derived from diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, infundibulum, pineal body

87
Q

adult structures derived from mesencephalon

A

tectum, tegmentum, crus cerebri

88
Q

adult structures derived from metencephalon

A

pons, cerebellum

89
Q

adult structures derived from myelencephalon

A

medulla oblongata

90
Q

cavity of telencephalon

A

lateral vent

91
Q

cavity of diencephalon

A

3rd vent

92
Q

cavity of mesencephalon

A

CAS

93
Q

cavity of metencephalon

A

upper 4th vent

94
Q

cavity of myelencephalon

A

lower 4th vent

95
Q
A

neuro (11 decks)

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