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neuro > nuero lab neurons, neuroglia and dev of NS > Flashcards

nuero lab neurons, neuroglia and dev of NS Flashcards

1
Q

main difference betw neurons and neuroglia

A

neurons - excitable cells
neuroglia - non-excitable

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2
Q

these are the functional unit of the NS

A

neurons

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3
Q

these are the supporting cells of the NS

A

neuroglia

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4
Q

what are the functions of neurons

A

they receive and conduct impulses

they can also be electrically excited = action potential

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5
Q

what are the parts of a neuron

A

dendrites
soma
axon

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6
Q

function of dendrites

A

receive, process and transmit signal to soma

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7
Q

function of soma

A

processes and integrates signal and has nucleus and stores DNA

basta CPU ng neurons

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8
Q

function of axons

A

transmit information between neurons or away to muscles and glands

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9
Q

describe the structure of the axon

A

initial segment is the first portion then it divides to pre-synaptic terminals which ends at synaptic knobs/terminal buttons

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10
Q

where is impulse transmitted in neurons

A

along the axis to its termination

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11
Q

what do neurons respond to

A

electrical, chemical and mechanical stimuli

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12
Q

electrical, chemical and mechanical stimuli produces _____ in neurons

A

producing local or propagated potentials

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13
Q

how are neurons classified

A

according to the number of processes attached sa soma

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14
Q

neuroglia comprises _____ of vol of brain and SC

A

half of total volume - outnumbers neurons by 5-10x

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15
Q

what is the function of neuroglia

A

binds neurons together and facilitates their functioning

does not conduct AP

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16
Q

relate neuroglia and brain injury

A

they proliferate after brain injury

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17
Q

which are smaller neurons or neuroglia

A

glial cells are generally smaller

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18
Q

how are neuroglia classified

A

according to size - micro/macroglia

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19
Q

what are the types of neurons according to shape

A

unipolar
pseudounipolar
bipolar
multipolar

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20
Q

describe the structure of unipolar

A

only one process extends from soma - receiving and transmitting na

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21
Q

the neurite in unipolar divides into ?

A

2 branches

peripheral - referred as dendrite but not rlly one
CNS

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22
Q

where are unipolar neurons found

A

pang sensory lang sha pero usually sa insects lang wala sa tao

for muscle and gland stimulation sa insects

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23
Q

describe the structure of pseudounipolar

A

short branch coming from soma then in divides into two long processes

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24
Q

where does pseudounipolar attach

A

one end in sensory organ the other in DRG

so sensory neurons sha in humans

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25
describe the structure of bipolar
cell body with 2 processes connected to soma - axon and dendrite
26
give an example of bipolar neuron
bipolar cell of retina - dendrite receives signals from photoreceptors tas axon will transmit away retinal bipolar cells, cochlear and vestibular sensory cells
27
what type of neuron splits its axon into 2
pseudounipolar
28
where are pseudounipolar seen in the body
most cranial nerves' sensory ganglia
29
describe the structure of multipolar
many dendrites and one axon longest process is axon tas the rest are dendrites
30
where are multipolar found
sa brain and SC; most common type sa CNS
31
give an example of multipolar in the body
purkinje cells of cerebral cortex
32
where can purkinje cells be seen
fiber tracts of brain and SC, spinal nerves and motor cells of SC
33
what are the types of neurons according to size
golgi type 1 and golgi type 2
34
describe the structure of golgi type 1
larger in size, long axons usually more than meter tas may dendrites din
35
what is the function of golgi type I
relay info from one region of the brain to another - dendrites receive tas axons will transmit away from soma
36
where are golgi type I usually seen
peripheral nerves and tracts of brain and SC
37
give examples of golgi type I
pyramidal cells of cerebra cortex purkinje cells of cerebellar cortex motor cells of SC
38
describe the structure of golgi type II
smaller bodies with short or no axons at all kc nag tterminate agad sa near by cell and short dendrites star shaped
39
function of golgi type II
small local interactions bet 2 neurons - interneurons sha and inhib in nature
40
which is mas madami golgi type I or II
type II outnumbers type I in cerebral and cerebellar cortex
41
what are they types of neuroglia
astrocytes oligodendrocytes Schwann cells ependymal cells microglial
42
what are the function of astrocytes
maintains blood-brain barrier supports neurons and anchor them to nutrient supp lines regulate external chemical environment functions as phagocytes
43
further exp how astrocytes maintains blood-brain barrier
protective membrane around brain and SC that allows respiratory gasses to pass but block anything larger also produces substances that are tropic to neurons helps maintain correct concentration of ions and neurotransmitters
44
further exp how astrocytes supports neurons and anchor them to nutrient supp lines
supporting framework of neurons; scaffolding of CNS
45
further exp how astrocytes regulate external chemical environment
removes excess potassium ions and recycling neurotransmitters released during synaptic transmission
46
further exp how astrocytes functions as phagocytes
di nag rregen and neurons so they take up degenerating parts ganun
47
what are the two types of astrocytes and their function
protoplasmic and fibrous - stores glycogen and phagocytes for the degenerating synaptic axon terminals
48
compare the loc of protoplasmic and fibrous
proto - gray matter fibrous - white matter
49
what are the functions of oligodendrocytes
myelinate axons in CNS influence biochem of neurons
50
further exp how oligodendrocytes myelinate axons in the CNS
lines along the nerve and produces insulating layer of myelin sheath
51
what is the significance of myelination of axons
allows rapid saltatory conduction of impulses and also contributes to axonal integrity
52
how many internodal segments can be covered by 1 oligodendrocyte
60 internal segments - kaya pag na damage 1 oligo = 6 0 segments removed and walang propagation
53
what in the function og schwann cells
myelinates axons all nerve fibers in the PNS also maintains and regenerates motor and sensory neurons of PNS
54
how many myelin sheath created w 1 schwann cell
1 schwann = 1 myelin
55
where are ependymal cells found
lines ventricles or cavities of the brain and central canal of spine
56
describe the structure of ependymal cells
cuboidal in shape and make up a single layer with microvilli and cilia
57
what is the function of ependymal cells
secrete and move CSF throughout cavities of CNS filter mats from nearby bv to create CSF facilitate flow of CSF by using cilia to circulate it
58
what are the 2 types of ependymal cells
ependymocytes and choroidal epithelial cells
59
what are ependymocytes
circulates and absorb the CSF; tanycytes which transport substances from CSF to hypophyseal-portal system
60
what are choroidal epithelial cells
from choroid plexus and the produce and secrete CSF
61
where is CSF made from
from blood plasma - ultrafiltrate of blood
62
what is the function of microglial cells
removes cell debris wastes and pathogens from site s of injury via phagocytosis - migrates to site of lesion immune cells of CNS
63
what is the significance of microglial cells
can be used to detect injuries to the neuron if high levels in lab test - presence of nerve tissue damage; may degenerative disease of NS
64
where can microglial cells be found
scattered in CNS and are active there inactive in normal brain and SC
65
what are the phases of nerve AP
resting stage depolarization overshoot repolarization hyperpolarization
66
discuss resting stage
may resting potential of -90 mV before start of AP sodium potassium pump - 3 Na out, 2 K in and potassium leak channels - maintain RMP
67
discuss depolarization stage
positive Na ions will diffuse into membrane = depol if na reach yung threshold potential of -55 mV dahil too positive na yung loob ng cell mag oovershoot are mag ppositive yung mV nya
68
discuss overshoot
as sodium ions enter eventually mag ccome to a point na it will pass the 0 mark and become positive
69
discuss repolarization
sodium channels now close and potassium opens so mag kaka potassium efflux - makes membrane negative again
70
discuss hyperpolarization
since slow closing anf K channels magiging sobrang negative naman due to efflux - absolute refractory period na toh and di na kaya mag stimulate ng nerve
71
when does anterior and posterior neuropore close
ant - 26th day post - 28th day
72
what are the 3 main germ layers
entoderm mesoderm ectoderm
73
discuss the entoderm
innermost and gives rise to lungs, liver, GI tract
74
discuss the mesoderm
middle layer and gives rise to connective tissues, vascular system and muscles
75
discuss the ectoderm
outermost and gives rise to entire nervous system formed by columnar epithelium cells
76
how is neural plate formed
thickening of ectoderm betw primitive knot and buccopharyngeal memb on dorsal surface of embryo pear shaped and wider cranially
77
how is neural groove and folds formed
plate will develop a longitudinal neural groove with elevated folds thus forming neural folds
78
how is neural tube formed
fusion of neural folds starting cranially-caudally also will form the neuropores
79
what are neural crest cells
some cells are not incorporated in the neural tube they will from a strip of ectodermal cells betw neural tube and ectoderm
80
neural crest cells will migrate _____
anterolaterally
81
what do neural crest cells differentiate into
posterior root ganglia sensory ganglia of CN autonomic ganglia melanocytes suprarenal medullary cells
82
what are the 3 dilations formed at the cephalic end of neural tube
forebrain vesicle - prosencephalon midbrain vesicle - mesencephalon hindbrain vesicle - rhombencephalon primary vesicle - primary division
83
how does the neural tube cells become primary brain vesicles
interaction of cells with one another
84
what are the subdivision of primary divisions
prosencephalon - telencephalon and diencephalon mesencephalon - mesencephalon rhombencephalon - metencephalon and myelencephalon
85
adult structures derived from telencephalon
cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia and hippocampus
86
adult structures derived from diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, infundibulum, pineal body
87
adult structures derived from mesencephalon
tectum, tegmentum, crus cerebri
88
adult structures derived from metencephalon
pons, cerebellum
89
adult structures derived from myelencephalon
medulla oblongata
90
cavity of telencephalon
lateral vent
91
cavity of diencephalon
3rd vent
92
cavity of mesencephalon
CAS
93
cavity of metencephalon
upper 4th vent
94
cavity of myelencephalon
lower 4th vent
95

neuro (11 decks)

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