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neuro > Intro to Neuro > Flashcards

Intro to Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

orientation above the midbrain

A

anterior - rostral
posterior - caudal
superior - dorsal
inferior - ventral

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2
Q

orientation below the midbrain

A

anterior - ventral
posterior - dorsal
superior - rostral
inferior - caudal

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3
Q

what is the function of the CNS

A

correlate and integrate info from the PNS

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4
Q

what covers the CNS

A

meninges or PAD (pia, arachnoid, dura)

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5
Q

the CNS is suspended in ______

A

CSF

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6
Q

_______ composes the CNS

A

neurons and their processes

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7
Q

these are specialized tissues cells that support the neurons of CNS

A

neuroglia

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8
Q

compare the composition of gray matter and white matter

A

gray - nerve cell bodies

white - nerve fibers or AXONS wrapped in MYELIN

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9
Q

compare the function of gray matter and white matter

A

gray - receives or integrates signals

white - transmits or conduits for signals only

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10
Q

it connects the L and R sides of the CNS

A

commissure

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11
Q

compare nuclei and ganglia

A

nuclei - cluster of nerve cells in cerebrum and brainstem or CNS

ganglia - cluster of cell bodies in PNS

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12
Q

name for axon bundles in PNS

A

peripheral nerves

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13
Q

gray and white matter distribution in the brain

A

outer gray - inner white

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14
Q

gray and white matter distribution in the brainstem

A

gray and white on both in and out but more white outside

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15
Q

gray and white matter distribution in the SC

A

outer white - inner gray

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16
Q

discuss the relation of afferent and efferent to CNS and PNS

A

PNS carries afferent sensory signal to the CNS and efferent motor signals are given by CNS to PNS

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17
Q

describe the structure and location of the SC

A

cylindrical and within the VC

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18
Q

what surrounds the SC

A

meninges and CSF w/in the subarachnoid space

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19
Q

where does the SC start and end

A

from MEDULLA OBLONGATA and FORAMEN MAGNUM in cranium until the lower border of L1

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20
Q

where does SC terminate in infants

A

L3

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21
Q

after passing L1 what happens to the spinal cord

A

tapers in CONUS MEDULLARIS from apex of filum terminale and descends to coccyx

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22
Q

describe the structure of gray matter in the SC

A

divided into anterior and posterior horns and is united by gray commisure

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23
Q

compare the anterior and posterior horns of SC

A

ant - larger motor horn cells
post - smaller sensory horn cells

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24
Q

describe the white matter in the SC

A

anterior, lateral and posterior white collumns

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25
Q

loc of brain

A

lies in the cranium

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26
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the brain

A

forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

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27
Q

the brain is continuous with the SC through ______

A

medulla and foramen magnum

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28
Q

what delineates the medulla from the SC

A

foramen magnum

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29
Q

composition of brainstem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

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30
Q

composition of hindbrain

A

medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellum

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31
Q

composition of forebrain

A

cerebrum and diencephalon

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32
Q

what is found rostral to brainstem

A

diencephalon

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33
Q

what is found caudal to brainstem

A

SC

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34
Q

what is found dorsal to brainstem

A

cerebellum

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35
Q

this connects the forebrain and hindbrain

A

midbrain

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36
Q

what connects the third and fourth ventricle

A

cerebral aqeuduct

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37
Q

where is the cerebral aqeuduct found

A

midbrain

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38
Q

what is found dorsal to the pons

A

cerebellum

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39
Q

what is found rostral to the pons

A

midbrain

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40
Q

what is found caudal to the pons

A

medulla

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41
Q

function of pons

A

bridge of transverse fibers on anterior aspect connecting the cerebral hemispheres

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42
Q

function of medulla

A

connects the pons and SC

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43
Q

describe the cells of the brainstem

A

many nuclei and ascending/descending tracts bcs it is a conduit bet brain and SC

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44
Q

______ extends throughout the central portion of the brainstem

A

reticular formation

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44
Q

the brainstem is responsible for what action/functions

A

consciousness and autonomic and motor functions

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45
Q

relate information to cerebral hemispheres, SC and brain

A

all info between cerebral hemispheres and SC pass the brain

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46
Q

3 divisions of brainstem

A

tectum, tegmentum and basis

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46
Q

where is the tectum found

A

only in midbrain; superior and inferior colliculus

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47
Q

where is the tegmentum found

A

ventral to cerebral aqeuduct in midbrain and 4th ventricle in pons and medulla

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48
Q

it makes up the main bulk of brainstem and has most nuclei and reticular formation

A

tegmentum

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49
Q

most ventral portion of the brainstem

A

basis

50
Q

what can be found in the basis

A

corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts; connects brain and spinal nerves

51
Q

large collection of fiber making up corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts

A

basis

52
Q

loc of cerebellum

A

in posterior cranial fossa; dorsal to pons and medulla

53
Q

describe the structure of the cerebellum

A

has 2 laterally placed hemispheres connected by vermis

54
Q

the cerebellum is connected to the ______

A

brainstem

55
Q

what connects the cerebellum to the midbrain

A

superior cerebellar peduncles

56
Q

what connects the cerebellum to the pons

A

middle cerebellar peduncles

57
Q

what connects the cerebellum to the medulla

A

inferior cerebellar peduncles

58
Q

what is the outer layer of the cerebellum called

A

cortex

59
Q

folds of cortex

A

folia

60
Q

what separates folia

A

transverse fissures

61
Q

largest mass of gray matter in cerebellum

A

dentate nucleus

62
Q

what makes up the diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus

63
Q

describe the structure of diencephalon

A

egg shaped mass of gray matter

64
Q

what is the loc of diencephalon

A

on either side of the 3rd ventricle

65
Q

found on the anterior end of the thalamus

A

posterior boundary of interventricular foramen

66
Q

largest part of the brain

A

cerebrum

67
Q

describe the structure of cerebrum

A

has 2 hemispheres that are mirror image of each other that spans from frontal to occipital bones

68
Q

what separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres

A

medial longitudinal fissure

69
Q

what connects the 2 cerebral hemispheres

A

corpus callosum

70
Q

what does the medial longitudinal fissure contain

A

falx cerebri

71
Q

the caudal part of the cerebrum lies over ______

A

tentorium cerebelli

72
Q

the cortex of the cerebrum is folded called the ______ and separated by _____

A

gyrus

fissures or sulci

73
Q

compare fissures and sulci

A

sulci - shallow surrounding gyru

fissures - deeper and divides into lobes

74
Q

fan shaped collection of nerve fibers in the white matter of cerebrum

A

corona radiata

75
Q

what are the 6 lobes of the cerebrum

A

fronta
parietal
temporal
occipital
limbic
insula

76
Q

separates frontal and parietal lobe

A

central sulcus of rolando

77
Q

separates frontal and temporal lobe

A

lateral sylvian fissure

78
Q

significance of central sulcus of rolando

A

rostral to it - precentral gyrus or motor homonculus

caudal to it - postcentral gyrus or somatosensory homunculus

79
Q

discuss the corresponding body part in the homunculus from medial to lateral

A

LE-UE-face

80
Q

what are the 3 layers of meninges

A

dura
arachnoid
pia

81
Q

refers to arachnoid + pia

A

leptomeninges

82
Q

structure of dura

A

outer dense CT

83
Q

structure of arachnoid

A

reticular fibers forming web-like membrane

84
Q

structure of pia

A

thin translucent adherent to surface of brain and SC

85
Q

attachment of outer periosteal layer of dura

A

inner surface of cranium

86
Q

significance of inner periosteal layer of dura

A

lined w fat cells and divides cranial cavity into compartments

87
Q

what does outer periosteal layer of dura contain

A

bv and nerves

88
Q

what does inner periosteal layer of dura contain

A

falx cerebri
tentonium cerebelli
tentorial notch
falx cerebelli
diaphragma sellae

89
Q

divides the cerebrum from to left and right

A

falx cerebri from midline ng crista galli to internal occipital protuberance

90
Q

roofs over posterior fossa of cranial cavity

A

tentorium cerebelli

91
Q

opening of tentorium where brainstem passes

A

tentorial incisure/notch

92
Q

extension of dura that roofs over pituitary fossa

A

diaphragma sellae

93
Q

what perforates the diaphragma sellae

A

infundibulum

94
Q

blood supp of dura matter

A

ant, post and middle meningeal artery

95
Q

nerve supp of dura matter

A

supratentorial - branches of trigeminal

infratentorial - upper 3 cervical and vagus

96
Q

compare the 2 layers of pia matter

A

intima pia - inner layer; reticulat and elastic fibers; carries cerebral vessels

epipial layer - cont w arachnoid trabeculae; collagenous fibers; carries bv in SC

97
Q

describe the structure of arachnoid

A

nonvascular bet dura and pia that passes over sulci w/o following contours

98
Q

between pia and arachnoid which one follows contours

A

intima pia

99
Q

what is the subarachnoid space

A

space bet pia and arachnoid filled w CSF

100
Q

what are subarachnoid cisterns

A

widespread pia and arachnoid at base of brain and around brainstem

101
Q

what are the subarachnoid cisters

A

superior cistern
chiasmatic cistern
interpeduncular cistern
pontine cistern
cerebellomeduallry cistern

102
Q

discuss the sequence of brain ventricles

A

lateral vent - intervent foramen of MONROE - 3rd vent - cerebral aqueduct of SYLVIUS - 4th vent - LUSCHKA - MAGENDIE - subarachnoid space

103
Q

connects lateral vent and 3rd vent

A

intervent foramen of monroe

103
Q

connects 3rd and 4th vent

A

cerebral aqueduct of sylvius

104
Q

where can CSF be found

A

ventricles and subarachnoid spaces

105
Q

functions of CSF

A

cushion and protect CNS
buoyancy and support
regulation of nutrients
nourishes CNS
removes metabolites
pathway for pineal gland secretions to pituitary

106
Q

where is CSF mainly formed

A

choroid plexuses of lateral, 3rd and 4th vent

107
Q

how is CSF absorbed

A

through arachnoid villi that project into dural venous sinuses

108
Q

what are the components of the PNS

A

cranial and spinal nerves; mga axons

109
Q

purpose of PNS

A

conducts info to and from CNS

110
Q

what are the 31 spinal nerves

A

8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

111
Q

how are spinal nerves connected to the SC

A

via 2 roots; anterior and posterior

112
Q

compare the 2 nerve roots

A

ant - efferent; motor; nerve body sa ant gray horn

post - afferent; sensory; nerve body sa sensory root ganglia

113
Q

discuss the pathway of spinal nerve roots

A

each root passes at the level of their respective IV foramina where they will unite to form spinal nerve (motor and sensory)

only becomes into anterior and posterior ramus after entering IV foramen

114
Q

compare anterior and posterior ramus

A

ant - passes ant to VC suppling muscles and skin over the anterolateral body and all of limbs

post - passes post of VS supplying muscles and skin of the back

115
Q

what happens to anterior rami at roots of limbs

A

forms nerve plexuses

UE - cervical and brachial
LE - lumbosacral

116
Q

what is a DRG

A

fusiform swellings on posterior root of each spinal nerve (sensory)

117
Q

what are the 2 parts of the ANS

A

symph and parasymph

118
Q

functional division of PNS

A

ANS

119
Q

the ANS is distributed throughout the ______

A

CNS and PNS

120
Q

what does ANS innervate

A

heart, smooth muscles, glands

121
Q

it is the 3rd autonomic division

A

ENS

122
Q

what does the ENS supply

A

neural plexuses within the walls of gut

123
Q

function of ENS

A

controls peristalsis and GI secretions

neuro (11 decks)

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