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neuro > nlab cutaneous receptors and pain > Flashcards

nlab cutaneous receptors and pain Flashcards

1
Q

what are sensory neurons

A

afferent neuron that converts stimulus via their receptors into AP or graded potentials called signal transduction

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2
Q

what are sensory receptors

A

specialized epidermal cells that can be found in both external and internal organs

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3
Q

how are receptors categorized

A

based on cell type cell type and pos and the stimuli they detect

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4
Q

explain differential sensitivity

A

each type of receptor is highly sensitive to one stimulus it is for and unresponsive to other types

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5
Q

what do mechanoreceptors detect

A

touch and pressure

mechanical compression/stretching of receptor or tissues adjacent to receptor

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6
Q

what do thermoceptors detect

A

sensation of warmth and cold

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7
Q

what do nociceptors detect

A

harmful stimuli such as pain, extreme heat and cold; physical or chemical damage in tissues

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8
Q

what do chemoreceptors detect

A

change in the chemical composition of the environment based on where they are located

taste in the mouth, smell in the nose, oxygen level in the arterial blood, osmolality of the body fluids, carbon dioxide concentration

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9
Q

what do photoreceptors detect

A

n rods and cones in the retina that respond to light (electromagnetic)

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10
Q

significance of fast adapting receptors

A

emergency purposes (e.g. pain); for discrimination

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11
Q

significance of slow adapting receptors

A

for pressure - higher force for us to feel

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12
Q

give a fast adapting receptor and its role

A

Meissner’s (play an important role in discriminative touch (e.g., recognition of texture) and movement of objects over skin) → ball

should feel the texture even if we close our eye

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13
Q

give a slow adapting receptor and its role

A

Merkel’s (for pressure)

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14
Q

what is the labeled line principle

A

specificity of nerve fiber sensitivity to a single modality of sensation

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15
Q

what are the 2 main pathways of spinal cord for transmitting senses to CNS

A

Anterolateral Spinothalamic Tract and Posterior (Dorsal) Column-Medial Lemniscal

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16
Q

senses transmitted in the Anterolateral Spinothalamic Tract

A

superficial sensations

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17
Q

senses transmitted in the DCML

A

deep sensations

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18
Q

discuss the path of the Anterolateral Spinothalamic Tract

A

free nerve endings will be activated pag may pain or thermal stimuli the sends to

DRG - 1st order c lissauer’s tract; then sa SC entering dorsal horn of gray matter

then synapses c SG - 2nd order; gives axons that decussates and ascend in white matter; for LST - lateral part tas AST - anterior white collumn

synapses with VPL nucleus of thalamus - 3rd order

then gives final projection toward the somatosensory cortex tas dun ma interpret

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19
Q

what is transmitted in the lateral spinothalamic tract

A

non-discriminative superficial sensations such as pain and temperature

FAST PAIN

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20
Q

what is transmitted in the anterior spinothalamic tract

A

Light or crude touch and pressure.

SLOW PAIN

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21
Q

what sensations in the DCML

A

discriminative touch, vibration, conscious proprioception, kinesthesia and cortical sensations.

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22
Q

discuss the path of the DCML

A

sensations synapse sa DRG - 1st order; then enter SC and ipsilaterally ascends on dorsal aspect; can pass lateral or medial sides

then synapses with 2nd order neurons nucleus cuneatus (upper ex), nucleus gracilis (lower ex) then decussates and ascend toward pons/midbrain

synapse c 3rd order VPL of thalamus (UE and LE) tas VPMed (face) and ends sa broadmann’s area 312

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23
Q

speed of spinothalamic

A

few meters per second up to 40 m/sec

24
Q

speed of DCML

A

30 to 110 m/sec

25
Q

what is the significance of postcentral gyrus

A

ensations felt by different body parts are delivered to the primary somatosensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

26
Q

significance of sensory homunculus

A

dramatical representation of the relative sizes of the cortical receiving areas; represents the sensations of the primary somatosensory cortex

27
Q

anterior half of the parietal lobe is concerned with

A

reception and interpretation of somatosensory signals

28
Q

posterior half of the parietal lobe provides

A

higher levels of interpretation.

29
Q

what terminates in the occipital lobe

A

visual signals

30
Q

what terminates in the temporal lobe

A

auditory signals

31
Q

significance of motor cortex

A

to control muscle contractions and body movements in response to somatosensory signals

32
Q

order of sensitivity of motor cortex

A

Lips > Face > Thumb > Trunk → where lips has the highest sensitivity and trunk has the lowest sensitivity

33
Q

order of body parts in motor cortex from medial to lateral

A

genitals - foot - LE - trunk - neck and head - UE - hands - face - tounge

34
Q

large parts of motor cortex

A

Hands, foot, tongue & lips - Rich in innervation & sensitive parts

35
Q

small parts of motor cortex

A

Trunk and back - Sensations in this area are not as large as compared to the hands and mouth

36
Q

significance of somatosensory area 1

A

Somatosensory area I is so much more extensive and so much more important - “Somatosensory cortex” almost always means area I

high degree of localization of the different parts of the body

37
Q

significance of somatosensory area 2

A

signals enter this area from the brain stem, transmitted upward from both sides of the body

38
Q

connect SSA 1 and SSA 2

A

projections from SSA1 are required for function of somatosensory area II

removal of parts of SSA2 has no apparent effect on the response of neurons in somatosensory area I

39
Q

what is astereognosis

A

inability to identify objects through feel only - (Somatosensory Area 1 affectation)

40
Q

what is abaragnosis

A

inability to detect weight of an object

41
Q

what stimuli can elicit pain

A

mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli via nociceptors

42
Q

explain how mechanical stimuli causes pain

A

FAST PAIN

over-stretch of muscle fibers/over-rotation of joints
Nodules and taut bands (d/t lactic acid)
muscle spasm - tissue ischemia

43
Q

explain how thermal stimuli causes pain

A

FAST PAIN

through excessive heat > 45°C or cold that can cause burns

44
Q

explain how chemical stimuli causes pain

A

SLOW PAIN

Tissue Injury → bradykinin (most responsible for pain sensation) & prostaglandin → stimulate nociceptors ↑ pain

45
Q

fibers for fast vs slow pain

A

fast - A delta

slow - C fibers

46
Q

pathway for fast vs slow pain

A

fast - neospinothalamic pathway or lateral ST

slow - Paleospinothalamic Pathway/Anterior ST

47
Q

NT for fast vs slow pain

A

fast - Glutamate

slow - substance P and glutamate

48
Q

type of pain for fast vs slow pain

A

fast - Discriminative pain or localized pain

slow - Emotional or motivational aspect of pain

49
Q

discuss brown sequard syndrome

A

functional hemisection of the spinal cord

leads to ipsilateral loss of discriminative touch, vibration, proprioception and weakness and spasticity of muscles below the level of the lesion

leads to contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation beginning one or two segments below the lesion

50
Q

significance of lissauer’s tracts

A

baril sa SC, sira WHOLE L2, no sensation on L2 but at the L1,3,4,5, can still feel the superficial sensation since the lissauer’s tract allows it

2 levels above and below

51
Q

why does rubbing skin near painful areas relieve pain - gate control theory

A

Detected by the pacinian corpuscles found immediately beneath the skin, which are sensitive to deep pressure and fast vibration

non-nociceptive large diameter fibers like the Aβ fibers are activated through pressure like in the given situation, the substantia gelatinosa is activated and its inhibitory nature will close the neurological gate, blocking the pain signals from reaching the thalamus, significantly reducing the pain

52
Q

discuss analgesia system

A

capability of the brain itself to suppress input of pain signals to the nervous system by activating a pain control system

53
Q

3 major components of the analgesia system

A

(1) Periaqueductal gray and periventricular areas
(2) the Raphe magnus nucleus
(3) nuc reticularis paragigantocellularis

54
Q

relate ES to the analgesia system

A

Electrical stimulation either in the periaqueductal gray area or in the raphe magnus nucleus can suppress many strong pain signals entering by way of the dorsal spinal roots

55
Q

discuss the opioid system pathway

A

binding ng opioids like enkephalin and endorphins to receptors leads to a decrease in Ca2+ influx, resulting in a decrease in release of glutamate and substance P

reduced transmission from nociceptive afferents

56
Q
A

neuro (11 decks)

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