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neuro > Dev of Nervous System > Flashcards

Dev of Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

when does the dev of nervous system start

A

3rd week of dev

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2
Q

explain how the neural plate is formed

A

ectoderm at the dorsal surface of embryo bet primitive knot and buccopharyngeal membrane thickens forming neural plate

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3
Q

describe the shape of neural plate

A

pear shaped and wider cranially

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4
Q

explain how the neural fold is formed

A

plate will develop a longitudinal neural groove that will deepen and as it deepens lateral edges elevate forming neural folds

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5
Q

explain how the neural tube is formed

A

neural folds will fuse starting at cervical region and extends in cephalic and caudal direction to from the neural tube

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6
Q

what are the open ends of the neural tube

A

anterior and posterior neuropores

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7
Q

when does the neural tube close

A

28 days in general

cranial neuropore - 25th
caudal neuropore - 28th

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8
Q

explain the difference from an open fold once that tube has closes

A

the tube sinks beneath the surface of the ectoderm

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9
Q

it refers to the 3 dilations of the cephalic end of neural tube

A

primary brain vesicles

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10
Q

what are the primary brain vesicles

A

prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon

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11
Q

what are the 2 flexures of the rhombencephalon

A

cephalic - midbrain
cervical - bet hindbrain and SC

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12
Q

what is the main thing happens at the 5th week of development

A

primary vesicles differentiate into 5 secondary vesicles

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13
Q

the ______ is continuous w the brain vesicles

A

central canal of SC

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14
Q

prosencephalon differentiates into what

A

telencephalon
diencephalon

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15
Q

mesencephalon differentiates into what

A

mesencephalon

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16
Q

rhombencephalon differentiates into what

A

metencephalon
myelencephalon

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17
Q

what separates mesencephalon and metencephalon

A

rhombencephalic isthmus

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18
Q

what separates metencephalon and myelenecephalon

A

pontine flexure

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19
Q

corresponding cavity/lumen of telencephalon

A

lateral vent

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20
Q

corresponding cavity/lumen of diencephalon

A

3rd vent

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21
Q

corresponding cavity/lumen of mesencephalon

A

cerebral aqeuduct of sylvius

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22
Q

corresponding cavity/lumen of metencephalon and myelencephalon

A

4th vent

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23
Q

discuss the formation of floor and roof plates of the SC

A

cavity of neural tube narrows to form a dorsiventral cleft with lateral walls and thin floor and roof plates

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24
Q

how are basal and alar plates formed in general

A

intermediate zone of the lateral wall forms large anterior thickening basal plate and small posterior thickening alar plate

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25
Q

compare basal and alar plate

A

basal - ventral, larger, motor

alar - dorsal, smaller, sensory

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26
Q

refers to the longitudinal groove bet dorsal and ventral horn cells

A

sulcus limitans

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27
Q

forms due to the continuous growth of basal plate

A

anterior median fissure

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28
Q

forms due to the continuous growth of alar plate

A

posterior median septun

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29
Q

what forms the central canal of the SC

A

narrowing of the lumen of the neural tube

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30
Q

how are intermediate zones of the SC formed

A

bc neuroblast cannot divide further they migrate peripherally to form intermediate zone

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31
Q

how are marginal zones of the SC formed

A

neuroblasts will also grow peripherally forming a layer external to the intermediate zone known as the marginal zone

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32
Q

what is the significance of intermediate and marginal zone in SC

A

intermediate - becomes gray matter of SC

marginal - becomes myelinated; white matter of SC

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33
Q

what do matrix cells give rise to

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells

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34
Q

where do matrix cells come from

A

the wall of neural tube contains pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells

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35
Q

what happens to the neural tube as the development progresses

A

it elongates and remain small in diameter

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36
Q

what is the ventricular zone

A

zone directly after the cavity of neural tube composes of the neuroepithelial later

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37
Q

explain the connection of cell division and the neural tube

A

nuclei of cells move in towards the cavity to divide and outward to the periphery during intermitotic phases

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38
Q

what happens to cells once the neural tube closes

A

neuroepithelial cells give rise to neuroblasts

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39
Q

discuss the development of motor neuron

A

medial group - axons leave anterior surface of SC to supply muscles

lateral group - axons that leaves as autonomic preganglionic fibers

together they form the anterior root of SC

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40
Q

compare medial and lateral group of motor neurons

A

medial - motor cla sa mga muscles

lateral - supplies for ANS

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41
Q

what SC roots are autonomic preganglionic fibers

A

T1-L3

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41
Q

discuss the development of afferent neurons in sensory pathway

A

neural crest cells migrate to the posterolateral pos on both side of SC and differentiates into neuroblasts

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42
Q

what happens to central processes of afferent sensory neurons

A

becomes posterior root of SC

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42
Q

what are the 2 processes neuroblasts develop into

A

peripheral - axons of sensory nerve fibers

central - migrates to posterior part of SC and mapupunta either posterior gray column or sa marginal zone na white

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42
Q

how are posterior root ganglion formed

A

neural crest cells form the capsular/satellite cells that surround a unipolar nerve cell body

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43
Q

how are meninges in VC formed

A

from mesenchyme and ssurround nila neural tube

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44
Q

what is the length of VC and SC at 2 mo of development

A

same length but VC grows more so VC > SC

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45
Q

what is the significance of a longer VC than SC

A

ant and post roots of SN below L1 descend within the VC until they reach their IV foramen exits

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46
Q

what is filum terminale

A

pia matter that is attached to the coccygeal end of SC until coccyx; slender fibrous strand

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47
Q

what is cauda equina

A

horse tail

passes obliquely sa anterior and posterior roots of SN and filum terminale found at the lower end of VC

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48
Q

which secondary vesicle does the medulla oblongata come from

A

myelencephalon

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49
Q

discuss the initial formation of the medulla

A

initially may basal and alar plates separated by a sulcus limitans

the lateral walls will move laterally at higher levels expanding the 4th ventricle

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50
Q

in the formation of the medulla the basal and alar plates are separated by _______

A

sulcus limitans

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51
Q

in the formation of the medulla the lateral walls move laterally expanding the _______

A

4th ventricle

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52
Q

alar plates lie _____ to basal plates

A

lateral

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53
Q

neurons of basal plate of the medulla form motor nuclei of which cranial nerves

A

CN IX, X, XI AND XII

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54
Q

the motor nuclei from the basal plate are situated where in the cerebellum

A

floor of 4th ventricle medial to the sulcus limitans

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55
Q

neurons of alar plate from the medulla form which sensory nuclei of which cranial nerves/structures

A

CN V, VIII, IX and X

gracile and cuneate nuclei

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56
Q

how is the olivary nuclei of the medulla formed

A

others of alar plate migrate ventrolat and forms it

57
Q

what are the nuclei formed from the medulla

A

basal - CN IX, X, XI AND XII

alar - CN V, VIII, IX and X anf gracile and cuneate nuclei

olivary nuclei

58
Q

in the stretching of the lateral walls in forming the medulla what is its effect on the roof plate

A

it is stretched into a thin layer

59
Q

in the medulla the vascular mesenchyme comes in contact with the roof plate and forms _______

A

pia matter; together called telachoriodea

60
Q

vasculat tufts of tele choroidea project in the cavity of the 4th vent to form the _______

A

choroid plexus

61
Q

_______ of tele choroidea project in the cavity of the 4th vent

A

vascula tufts

62
Q

discuss what happens in the medulla between 4th and 5th months

A

2 lateral foramen of luschka and 1 medial foramen of magendie forms allowing connection of ventricles to subarachnoid space

63
Q

the basal plate of the pons forms which motor nuclei

A

CN V, VI, VII

64
Q

the ventromedial aspect of each alar plate of the pons form what

A

sensory nucleus of CN V, VII

vestibular

cochlear nuclei of CN VIII

pontine nuclei

64
Q

axons of the pontine nuclei grow ________ (direction) and enters ______

A

transversely

developing cerebellum of opposite side

65
Q

what does the entering pontine nuclei axons entering the cerebellum form

A

transverse pontine fiber and the middle cerebellar peduncle

66
Q

the pons came from which secondary brain vesicle

A

ventral part of metencephalon

67
Q

the cerebellum came from which secondary brain vesicle

A

posterior part of metencephalon

68
Q

discuss how the formation of the cerebellum starts

A

alar plated bend medially forming rhombic lips

as as the alar plate enlarges the lips project caudally over the 4th vent and unite with each other at midline to form the cerebellum

69
Q

discuss the dev of cerebellum at 12th week

A

vermis and cerebellar hemispheres are recognized

70
Q

discuss the dev of cerebellum at end of 4th month

A

fissures develop on the surface now creating folia

71
Q

how is the cerebellar cortex formed

A

neuroblasts from the matrix cells in the ventricular zone migrate to the surface forming the cortex

72
Q

how is cerebellar nuclei formed

A

other neuroblasts will not migrate and they differentiate into cerebellar nuclei

73
Q

what is superior cerebellar peduncle

A

axons of these neurons grow into the mesencephalon reaching the forebrain

74
Q

what is middle cerebellar peduncle

A

axons of pontocerebellar and corticopontine fibers connect the cerebral cortex w the cerebellum

75
Q

Hos is inferior cerebellar peduncle formed

A

from growth of sensory axons from SC and vestibular and olivary nuclei

76
Q

what does the basal plate of the midbrain form

A

nuclei CN III and IV, red nuclei, subtantia nigra and reticular formation

77
Q

what does the marginal zone basal plate of the midbrain form

A

basis pedunculi by the descent of fibers from the cerebral cortex to the pons and SC

78
Q

what are the fibers that descend to form the basis pedunculi

A

corticopontine, cortiobulbar and corticospinal

79
Q

what does the alar and floor plates of the midbrain form

A

superior and inferior colliculi

80
Q

corresponding sense from superior colliculi

A

visual reflex

81
Q

corresponding sense from inferior colliculi

A

auditory reflexes

82
Q

discuss the path of CN IV fibers in the midbrain

A

emerge in the posterior surface of midbrain and decussate in the superior medullary velum

83
Q

what brain vesicle is the forebrain from

A

prosencephalon

84
Q

discuss the formation of the forebrain

A

floor and roof plate remain thin while lateral walls become thick tas mag kakaron ng lateral diverticulum

85
Q

what is the lateral diverticulum in the forebrain called

A

optic vesicle

86
Q

discuss the significance of the optic vesicle

A

rostral to it is the telencephalon and caudal to is the the diencephalon

87
Q

from the optic vesicle what forms out of it

A

retina and optic nerve

88
Q

what is present in the roof of diencephalon fate and what will it form

A

small diverticulum anterior to midbrain and it will become the pineal body

89
Q

after forming the pineal body the rest of the roof of the DF will form the ______

A

choroid plexus of the 3rd vent

90
Q

what arises in the lateral wall of the 3rd vent

A

thalamus from the thickening of the alar plate

91
Q

in the DF what develops posterior to the thalamus

A

medial and lateral geniculate bodies

92
Q

what occurs due to the continues growth of the thalamus

A

3rd vent narrows

93
Q

define interthalamic connection in the DF

A

it refers to the fusion of 2 thalami through the 3rd vent

94
Q

what will the lower part of the alar plate become to in the DF

A

hypothalamic nuclei and mamillary bodies

95
Q

how is the infundibulum formed in the DF

A

comes from a diverticulum from the floor of the diencephalon

96
Q

what originates from the infundibulum

A

stalk and the pars nervosa of pituitary gland (hypophyis)

97
Q

what does telencephalon form

A

anterior end of 3rd vent

98
Q

what closes the anterior end of 3rd vent

A

lamina terminalis

99
Q

the diverticulum on either side of TF forms the _________

A

cerebral hemisphere

100
Q

which stage of development does cerebral hemispheres rise

A

5th week of dev

101
Q

relate the cerebral hemisphere and the intervent foramen

A

as cerebral hemispheres expand superiorly its walls thickens and intervent foramen reduces in size

102
Q

the mesenchyme bet each cerebral hemi forms _______

A

condenses to form the falx cerebri

103
Q

what does the CH form ant

A

frontal lobe

104
Q

what does the CH form lat and sup

A

parietal

105
Q

what does the CH form post and inf

A

occipital and temporal

106
Q

describe the medial wall of the CH

A

remains thin and formed by epednymal cells

107
Q

what occurs at the medial wall of the CH

A

invaginated by vascular mesoderm which forms the choroid plexus of lat vent

108
Q

whaat separates the occipital lobe from the cerebellum

A

mesenchyme

109
Q

what does the mesenchyme at OL form

A

condenses to from tentorium cerebelli

110
Q

______ line the floor of the forebrain vesicle and proliferate producing ______

A

matrix cells; neuroblast

111
Q

what is the significance of neuroblasts in the floor of forebrain vesicle

A

they form a projection that encroaches the cavity of the lat vent

112
Q

refers to the projection that encroaches the cavity of the lat vent

A

corpus striatum

113
Q

what forms from the dorsomedial portion of the corpus striatum

A

caudate nucleus

114
Q

what forms from the ventrolateral portion of the corpus striatum

A

lentiform nucleus

115
Q

name the lateral and the medial part of the lentiform nucleus

A

lat - putamen

med - globus pallidus

116
Q

explain why the caudate nuc and the thalamus are close in contact

A

each CH expands and its medial surface approaches the lat surface of diencephalon kaya caudate nuc is close sa thalamus

117
Q

discuss the longitudinal thickening in the CH and what does it form

A

it occurs walls of forebrain vesicle and protrudes into the lateral ventricle

hippocampus

118
Q

discuss the asc and desc tracts in the CH nd what does it form

A

it forms and are forced to pass betw thalamus and caudate med and lentiform laterally

internal capsule

119
Q

what happens at the cortex as the CH expand more

A

the gyri and sulci/fissures become more evident mga convolutions

120
Q

how is the insula formed

A

cortex covering the lentiform remains fixed tas will get buried by overgrowth of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes

121
Q

discuss what happens to the matrix cells lining the cavity of CH

A

will produce many neurobalsts and neuroglia that migrate to marginal zone

122
Q

what happens to the matrix cells that wont migrate to the marginal zone of CC

A

form the ependyma that lines the lat vent

123
Q

describe the cortex at 12th week

A

it is very cerebellar due to migration of neuroblasts

124
Q

describe the cortex at term

A

neuroblasts have differentiated and assumed stratified appearance due to result of incoming and outgoing fibers

125
Q

type of cells in motor cortex

A

pyramidal

126
Q

type of cells in sensory cortex

A

granular cells

127
Q

it refers to the cephalic end of the nueral tube

A

lamina terminalis

128
Q

what does the lamina terminalis become

A

septum pellucidum

129
Q

it is the first commisure to develop

A

anterior commisure

130
Q

where does the AC run and what does it connect

A

runs in lamina terminalis and connects the olfactory bulb and the temporal lobe on one side and to the same structures sa kabila

131
Q

what connects the hippocampus in each hemisphere

A

fornix

132
Q

what connects the CH

A

corpus callosum

133
Q

largest and most important commisure

A

corpus callosum

134
Q

formed in the inferior part of the lamina terminalis

A

optic chiasm

135
Q

what forms the myelination in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

136
Q

when does myelination begin at SC

A

4th month

137
Q

discuss the manner of myelination in the SC

A

cervical and extends caudally

sensory muna last and descending motor fibers

138
Q

when does myelination begin at brain

A

6th month pero fibers from the basal ganglia pa lang

139
Q

discuss the manner of myelination in the brain intrauterine

A

6th month basal ganglia fibers - sensory fibers coming from SC but slow

140
Q

discuss the manner of myelination in the brain at birth

A

largely myelinated

corticobulbar, corticospinal, tectospinal and corticopontocerebellar fibers begin to myelinate

141
Q

is myelination complete at birth ?

A

not until puberty

142
Q

what forms myelination outside of CNS

A

schwann cells

143
Q
A

neuro (11 decks)

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