nueral control and coordination Flashcards
What is the forebrain called?
prosencephalon
parts of forebrain?
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- hippocampus
- amygdala
- cerebral cortex
- cerebrum
- corpus striatum
- limbic system
what is diencephalon?
thalamus, epithalamus and hypothalamus
hippocampus ,amygdala ,cerebral cortex, cerebrum, corpus striatum ,limbic system are a part of?
telencephalon
what is the mid brain called?
mesencephalon
what is the hind brain called?
rhombencephalon
what all does the hind brain include ?
pons and cerebellum - metencephalon
medulla oblongata - myelencephalon
what is the protective covering of the brain called ?
cranial meninges or meninx
what are the three layers of meninx called?
- dura matter
- arachnoid matter
- pia matter
describe dura matter
- thick and tough
- avascular
- closer to cranium
describe arachnoid matter
- characteristic feature of mammals
- avascular like a spider’s web
describe pia matter
- vascular and thin
- closer to brain
what is subdural matter and what does it contain ?
- the space between dura and arachnoid matter
- has unknown fluid
what is the sub arachnoid matter and what does it contain?
- the space btw arachnoid and pia matter
- has csf
largest part of brain? how many hemispheres and what divides it?
cerebrum , 2 , median longitudinal fissure
how are the two hemispheres connected ? describe shape.
corpus callosum.
curved - genu
splenium
how many lobes of cerebrum?
4
- frontal
- parietal
- temporal
- occipital
function of each lobe of cerebrum
- frontal : decision making, judgement and creative ideas
- parietal: hot cold pain and touch
- temporal - hearing and smell
- occipital - vision
what is broca’s area?
frontal lobe | associated with learning
what is wernick’s area ?
temporal lobe | associated with reading and writing
what is somethetic area?
parietal lobe for its own functions
all voluntary activities are controlled by ?
cerebrum
all involuntary activities are controlled by ?
cerebellum
what is the outer or the dorsal surface of cerebrum called?
cerebral cortex / neopallium
explain the structure of cerebral cortex
- highly convoluted
- small grove - sulci
- large grove - fissure
- buldge btw sulci and fissure = gyri
- 6 layered 10 billion cyton
what are the 3 functional areas in each lobe
sensory area - receives sensory impulse
motor area - sends motor commands
association area - 1) neither sensory nor motor
2) large area i) intersensory association
ii) memory
iii) communication
from where does olfactory lobe receive signal? what is called and it is reduced in ?
olfactory epithelium rhinencephalon reduced in humans but advanced in sharks
bundle of cyton in cns
nuclei
bundle of cyton in pns
ganglia
bundle of axon in cns
tract
bundle of axon in pns
nerves
what is basal ganglia
collection of subcorticular nuclei
largest nucleus in basal ganglia and its function?
corpus striatum - regulates planning and execution of stereotyped movement
describe structure of epithalamus
above thalamus ,thin ,non nervous
describe the anterior and posterior part of epithalamus
anterior- anterior choroid plexus
posterior - pineal gland - secretes melatonin
function of thalamus
major coordinating center for sensory and motor signaling. acts as relay center.
structure of hypothalamus
- forms floor of diencephalon
- contains neurosecretory cells k/a nuclei that secretes hormones
- contains hunger thirst center satiety center
function of hypothalamus
1) maintain homeostasis and internal body temp
2) associated with thermoregulation osmoregulation emotional and sexual desires,mating, circadian rhythm
3) associated with 3F ( FIGHTING FLEEING AND FEEDING )
limbic system also k/a
emotional brain
limbic system shape?
flared like a fork or wish bone
what all does the limbic system include ?
inner part of cerebral hemisphere anterior part of thalamus hypothalamus hippocampus amygdala part of basal ganglia septum
where is midbrain located ?
btw thalamus and pons
what two unique things does midbrain
contain
corpura quadrigemini and crura cerebri
what is corpora quadrigemini and what are its two parts
4 optical swellings present on dorsal side
superior colliculi - associated with vision reflex
inferior colliculi - associated with auditory reflex
function of amygdala
controls emotions esp fear and anger
function of hippocampus
- converts short term into long term memory
- deals with emotion attached with smell
function of septum
controls sexual behavior
what is crura cerebri ?
it is aka?
- k/a cerebral peduncle
- paired tract that runs anteriorly and connects the forebrain to the hindbrain.
what is cerebral aqueduct called and function?
it is a part of _____
aqueduct of Sylvie, foramen of iter.
connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle
midbrain
function of midbrain
- vision
- hearing
- motor control
- sleepwake cycle
- temp regulation
function of pons
- all sensory pathways to cerebral cortex synapse at pons
- connects cerebral hemisphere to cerebellum
- contains pneumotaxic center (switch off point of inspiration)
describe structure of cerebellum.
little cerebrum, second largest and highly convoluted
describe structure of cerebellum and its hemispheres
two hemisphere connected by vermis (worm like appearance)
what is the grey+white matter in cerebellum called?
Arbor vitae (tree of life)
how is the cerebellum connected to
i) midbrain
ii) pons
iii) medulla
i) superior cerebellar peduncle
ii) middle cerebellar peduncle
iii) inferior cerebellar peduncle
which part of brain controls all involuntary activities
cerebellum
functions of cerebellum ?
- maintains body balance and posture
- doesn’t initiate but reorganize movement
- helps in learning but only in early stages
where is the medulla oblongata found?
inferior part of the brain
which all 6 centers does medulla contain?along with centers it also contains _____
-cardiovascular center, respiratory center, git center,
vomiting center, yawning center and vasometer center
-posterior choroid plexus
what is the brain stem made up of
mid brain, pons and medulla
what is ras?
reticular activating center
- grey + white matter of spinal cord forms a net like structure
- connects the thalamus with the major nerves of spinal cord
- gatekeeper to consciousness
what are the ventricles in brain?
4 fluid filled spaces of brain are called ventricles
describe ventricles of brain
2 lateral ventricles called paracoel which open to 3rd ventricle thru the opening called foramen of munro or interventricular foramen
the 3rd ventricle then opens to 4th ventricle via cerebral aquiduct / aquiduct of sylvia / foramen of iter
what are lateral , 3rd and 4th ventricles called?
paracoel, diecoel and metacoel
where does the csf flow
to the central canal of spinal cord
to sub arachnoid space
how does csf flow to sub arachnoid space ?
through 3 aperatures present on roof of ventricle 2 lateral thru foramen of lushka 1 median thru foramen of megendie
who makes csf?
anterior choroid plexus in epithalamus and posterior choroid plexus in medulla oblongata
what does csf contain ?
glucose, urea, proteins, water, calcium, bicarbonate, magnesium, chloride
function of csf
1) shock absorber
2) bouyancy
3) provides nutrition to the brain tissue
outer part is ____
inner part is ____ in spinal cord
white
grey (h-shape)
