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bio class 11 > Biological Classification [NCERT] > Flashcards

Biological Classification [NCERT] Flashcards

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1
Q

who was the first to give a scientific basis for classification?

A

Aristotle

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2
Q

aristotle’s classification was based on?

A

morphological characters

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3
Q

aristotle classified plants into?

A

trees. herbs & shrubs.

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4
Q

Aristotle divided animals into:

A

those who have red blood & those who don’t.

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5
Q

two kingdom classification did not distinguish between:

A

the eukaryotes and prokaryotes, unicellular and multicellular organisms
and photosynthetic (green algae) and non-photosynthetic (fungi)
organisms.

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6
Q

who proposed 5 kingdom classification?

A

R.H. Whittaker.

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7
Q

kingdoms defined in 5 kingdom classification?

A

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae

and Animalia.

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8
Q

The main criteria for classification used by R.H. Whittaker ?

A 
1. cell
structure
2. body organisation, 
3. mode of nutrition, 
4. reproduction 
5. phylogenetic relationships.
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9
Q

sole members of kingdom monera?

A

bacteria

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10
Q

Bacteria are grouped under what categories based on their shape?

A

the
spherical Coccus (pl.: cocci), the rod-shaped Bacillus (pl.: bacilli), the
comma-shaped Vibrium (pl.: vibrio) and the spiral Spirillum (pl.: spirilla)

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11
Q

_________ as a group show most extensive metabolic diversity?

A

bacterias

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12
Q

bacteria that live in some of the most harsh habitats

A

Archaebacteria

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13
Q

halophiles??

A

bacterias living in extremely salty areas

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14
Q

thermoacidophiles?

A

bacterias living in hot springs

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15
Q

methanogens

A

bacterias living in marshy areas

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16
Q

archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in?

A

they have a different cell wall structure and this feature is responsible for
their survival in extreme conditions.

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17
Q

________ present in the gut of several ruminants?

A

methanogens

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18
Q

methanogens are responsible for? (related to ruminants)

A

production of biogas from the dung of these animals

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19
Q

eubacteria are characterised by the presence of?

A

~ a rigid cell wall

~ if motile,, a flagellum

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20
Q

cyanobacteria has what type of chlorophyll?

A 
chlorophyll a (similar to green plants and are
photosynthetic autotrophs)n
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21
Q

cyanobacteria are

A

unicellular, colonial or filamentous,

freshwater/marine or terrestrial algae.

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22
Q

colonies are generally surrounded by?

A

gelatinous sheath

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23
Q

Some of
these organisms can fix atmospheric nitrogen in
specialised cells called:

A

Heterocysts, e.g., Nostoc and

Anabaena.

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24
Q

Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria oxidise …………………??

A

oxidise various inorganic substances such as
nitrates, nitrites and ammonia and use the released
energy for their ATP production.

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25
Q

___________ play a great role
in recycling nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorous,
iron and sulphur.

A

chemosynthetic autotrophic bacterias

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26
Q

heterotrophic bacteria are helpful in :

A

helpful in making curd from milk,

production of antibiotics, fixing nitrogen in legume roots etc.

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27
Q

some bacterial diseases :

A

Cholera, typhoid, tetanus, citrus canker

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28
Q

bacteria mainly reproduce by?

A

FISSION

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29
Q

bacterias under unfavourable conditions form? ,

A

spores

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30
Q

sexual reproduction in bacteria by?

A

by adopting a
primitive type of DNA transfer from one bacterium
to the other.

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31
Q

The ____________ are organisms that

completely lack a cell wall

A

Mycoplasma

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32
Q

smallest living cells?

A

Mycoplasma

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33
Q

can Mycoplasma survive without oxygen?

A

yes

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34
Q

all single celled eukaryotes are placed under

A

protista

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35
Q

are the boundaries of PROTISTA well defined?

A

no

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36
Q

members of protista are primarily ____________

A

aquatic

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37
Q

which kingdom forms a link with the others dealing with plants, animals
and fungi.

A

protista

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38
Q

the protistan cell body contains……………

A

a well defined
nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Some have flagella or
cilia.

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39
Q

protista reproduce asexually and sexually by

A

a process involving

cell fusion and zygote formation.

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40
Q

protista includes

A
  1. Chrysophytes,
  2. Dinoflagellates
  3. Euglenoids,
  4. Slime moulds
  5. Protozoans
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41
Q

Chrysophytes

includes

A

diatoms and golden algae (desmids)

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42
Q

chrysophytes are found in…

A

in fresh water as well as in marine environments

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43
Q

cell walls in diatoms form…….

A

In diatoms the cell walls form two thin overlapping shells,
which fit together, The walls are embedded with silica
and thus the walls are indestructible.

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44
Q

…………………….. have left behind

large amount of cell wall deposits in their habitat

A

diatoms

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45
Q

this accumulation of diatoms’ cell wall deposits over

billions of years is referred to as

A

‘diatomaceous earth’.

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46
Q

‘diatomaceous earth’ is used in _____________

A

in polishing, filtration of oils and syrups

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47
Q

chief producers in the oceans?

A

diatoms

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48
Q

Dinoflagellates may appear……………………

A

They appear yellow, green, brown, blue or red depending

on the main pigments present in their cells.

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49
Q

Dinoflagellates are mostly ……

A

mostly marine and photosynthetic.

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50
Q

cell wall of dinoflagellates have ………………………..

A

stiff cellulose plates on the outer surface

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51
Q

flagella in dinoflagellates……………

A

Most of
them have two flagella; one lies longitudinally and the
other transversely in a furrow between the wall plates.

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52
Q

red dinoflagellates cause ……………….. after going through rapid multiplication

A

red tides ( sea appears red)

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53
Q

example of red dinoflagellates

A

Gonyaulax

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54
Q

majority of euglenoids are

A

fresh water organisms found in

stagnant water

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55
Q

instead of cell wall, euglenoids have

A

pellicle (a protein rich layer)

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56
Q

pellicle makes their body

A

flexible

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57
Q

euglenoids have ____ flagella

A

2 flagella; a short & long one

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58
Q

euglenoids are ________ in presence of sunlight

A

photosynthetic

59
Q

when

deprived of sunlight euglenoids behave like

A

heterotrophs by

predating on other smaller organisms.

60
Q

pigments of euglenoids are identical to those present in

A

higher plants.

61
Q

example of euglenoids

A

euglena

62
Q

slime moulds show what type of nutrition

A

saprophytic

63
Q

Under suitable conditions, slime moulds form an

aggregation called

A

plasmodium which may grow and

spread over several feet

64
Q

During unfavourable conditions,

the plasmodium ________________________

A

differentiates and forms fruiting bodies

bearing spores at their tips.

65
Q

all protozoans are

A

heterotrophs & live as predators or parasites

66
Q

4 major groups of protozoans :

A
  1. AMOEBOID PROTOZOANS
  2. Flagellated protozoans
  3. Ciliated protozoans
  4. Sporozoans
67
Q

marine amoeboid protozoans have ________ shells

A

silica shells on their surface

68
Q

a parasitic amoeboid protozoa

A

entamoeba

69
Q

a parasitic flagellated protozoa

A

Trypanosoma ( causes sleeping sickness )

70
Q

example of Ciliated protozoans

A

paramoecium (has thousands of cilia)

71
Q

have an infectious spore- like stage in their life

A

sporozoans

72
Q

example of sporozoans

A

Plasmodium

malarial parasite

73
Q

wheat rust causing fungi

A

puccinia

74
Q

fungi are mainly _______

A

filamentous, with a few exceptions like unicellular yeast

75
Q

what are hyphae?

A

fungi consist of long, slender thread-like structures

called hyphae.

76
Q

network of hyphae is called

A

mycelium

77
Q

some hyphae are continuous tubes filled with multinucleated cytoplasm, what are these called?

A

coenocytic hyphae.

78
Q

cell wall of fungi made of

A

chitin & polysaccharides

79
Q

fungi live in association with algae as

A

lichens

80
Q

fungi live with roots of higher

plants as

A

mycorrhiza.

81
Q

vegetative reproduction in fungi by

A

fragmentation, fission and budding

82
Q

asexual reproduction in fungi by

A

spores called conidia, or sporangiospores or zoospores

83
Q

sexual reproduction

in fungi by

A

by oospores, ascospores and basidiospores

84
Q

the various spores in fungi are produced in

A

distinct structures called fruiting bodies.

85
Q

steps of sexual cycle in fungi

A

(i) Fusion of protoplasms between two motile or non-motile gametes
called plasmogamy.
(ii) Fusion of two nuclei called karyogamy.
(iii) Meiosis in zygote resulting in haploid spores

86
Q

dikaryon ?

A

in some
fungi (ascomycetes and basidiomycetes), an intervening
dikaryotic stage (n + n, i.e., two nuclei per cell) occurs;
such a condition is called a dikaryon and the phase is
called dikaryophase of fungus

87
Q

mycelium in phycomycetes `

A

aseptate & coenocytic

88
Q

Members of phycomycetes are found in what kind of habitats

A

aquatic habitats
and on decaying wood in moist and damp places or as
obligate parasites on plants.

89
Q

asexual reproduction in phycomycetes takes place by

A

zoospores (motile) & aplanospores (non-motile).

90
Q

examples of phycomycetes

A

Mucor, Rhizopus (the bread
mould) and Albugo (the parasitic fungi
on mustard).

91
Q

ascomycetes commonly called as

A

sac-fungi

92
Q

mycelium of ascomycetes

A

branched and septate.

93
Q

asexual repro in ascomycetes by

A

The asexual spores are conidia produced

exogenously on the special mycelium called conidiophores

94
Q

conidia on germination produce

A

mycelium

95
Q

sexual repro in ascomycetes by

A

Sexual spores are called ascospores
which are produced endogenously in sac like asci (singular ascus). These
asci are arranged in different types of fruiting bodies called ascocarps

96
Q

examples of ascomycetes

A

aspergillus, Claviceps and Neurospora

97
Q

Neurospora is used extensively in

A

biochemical and genetic work

98
Q

edible members of ascomycetes/ considered delicacies

A

morels and truffles

99
Q

Commonly known forms of basidiomycetes are

A

mushrooms, bracket fungi

or puffballs.

100
Q

basidiomycetes grow in/on

A

They grow in soil, on logs and tree stumps and in living

plant bodies as parasites, e.g., rusts and smuts.

101
Q

mycelium of basidiomycetes

A

branched & septate

102
Q

reproduction in basidiomycetes ……..

A

asexual spores are generally not found, but vegetative
reproduction by fragmentation is common. The sex organs are absent,
but plasmogamy is brought about by fusion of two vegetative or somatic
cells of different strains or genotypes

103
Q

Karyogamy and meiosis take

place in the______ producing ____ basidiospores.

A

basidium ; 4

104
Q

how are basidiospores produced

A

exogenously produced on the basidium

105
Q

The basidia are

arranged in fruiting bodies called

A

basidiocarps

106
Q

members of basidiomycetes

A

Agaricus (mushroom) , Ustilago (smut) and Puccinia (rust

fungus).

107
Q

deuteromycetes commonly known as

A 
imperfect fungi (( because only the asexual or
vegetative phases of these fungi are known. ))
108
Q

he deuteromycetes reproduce only by

A

asexual spores

known as conidia

109
Q

The mycelium of deuteromycetes

is

A

septate and branched

110
Q

large number of deuteromycetes are

A

decomposers of litter and help in mineral cycling.

111
Q

examples of deuteromycetes

A

Alternaria, Colletotrichum and Trichoderma

112
Q

Kingdom Plantae includes

A

all eukaryotic chlorophyll-containing

organisms commonly called plants

113
Q

A few members of plantae partially

heterotrophic such as the

A

insectivorous plants ( venus fly trap ) or parasites ( cuscuta)

114
Q

animalia is characterised by

A

heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms

that are multicellular and their cells lack cell walls.

115
Q

holozoic nutrition in

A

kingdom animalia

116
Q

reserve food in animalia

A

glycogen or fat

117
Q

what are viruses?

A

The viruses are non-cellular organisms that are

characterised by having an inert crystalline structure outside the living cell.

118
Q

the name virus means

A

venom or poisonous fluid

119
Q

virus was named by

A

Dmitri Ivanowsky (1892)

120
Q

W.M. Stanley (1935)

showed that

A

viruses could be crystallised and crystals consist largely of
proteins.

121
Q

genetic material in virus

A

either DNA or RNA

122
Q

can a virus contain both DNA & RNA

A

no

123
Q

A virus is

a _____________ and the genetic material is infectious.

A

A virus is

a nucleoprotein

124
Q

viruses

that infect plants

A

have single stranded RNA

125
Q

viruses that infect animals

have

A

either single or double stranded RNA or double stranded DNA.

126
Q

Bacterial viruses or bacteriophages (viruses that infect the bacteria)

A

are

usually double stranded DNA viruses

127
Q

protein coat of virus called

A

capsid

128
Q

capsid is made up of

A

small subunits called capsomeres (( protects the

nucleic acid ))

129
Q

These capsomeres are arranged in

A

helical or polyhedral

geometric forms.

130
Q

diseases caused by viruses

A 
mumps, small pox, herpes
and influenza. AIDS. In plants, the
symptoms can be 
1. mosaic formation,
2. leaf rolling and curling, 
3. yellowing
4. vein clearing,
5. dwarfing and stunted growth.
131
Q

viroids discovered by

A

T.O. Diener

132
Q

viroids cause

A

potato spindle tuber disease

133
Q

RNA of viroids was of

A

low molecular weight

134
Q

SMALL NOTE ABOUT VIROIDS

A

infectious agent that
was smaller than viruses. It was
found to be a free RNA; it lacked the protein coat that is found in viruses,

135
Q

certain infectious neurological diseases

were found to be transmitted by

A

an agent consisting of abnormally folded

protein called PRIONS.

136
Q

prions have size

A

similar to viruses

137
Q

prions cause

A

bovine spongiform
encephalopathy (BSE) commonly called mad cow disease in cattle and
its analogous variant Cr–Jacob disease (CJD) in humans.

138
Q

what are lichens

A

Lichens are symbiotic associations i.e. mutually useful

associations, between algae and fungi.

139
Q

algal component of lichens is called

A

phycobiont ( autotrophic )

140
Q

fungal component of lichens is called

A

mycobiont (heterotrophic)

141
Q

role of algae in lichen

A

prepare food for fungi

142
Q

role of fungi in lichen

A

provide shelter and absorb mineral nutrients and water

143
Q

how do lichens indicate pollution?

A

they do not grow in polluted areas

bio class 11 (8 decks)

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