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bio class 11 > Cell : the unit of life > Flashcards

Cell : the unit of life Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

study of cell

A

cytology

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2
Q

life is a property of interaction.T/F

A

true.

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3
Q

define cell.

A

the basic fundamental and functional unit of life.

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4
Q

Who gave the term cellula.Who discovered cell wall and cell which was non living ?

A

robert hooke

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5
Q

Who gave the term animalcules?

A

A.V leeuwenhoek

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6
Q

who discovered the first living cell and how?

A

A.V leeuwenhoek

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7
Q

Who discovered nucleus and in which plant.

A

Robert Brown, orchid

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8
Q

What were the conclusions by Schleiden and Shwann respectively?
what are these conclusions called ?

A

Schleiden- German botanist - all the plants are made up of cells
Schwann - British zoologist - all animal cells are covered by membrane i.e plasma membrane.
THE CELL THEORY

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9
Q

What does the cell theory say ?

A

1) all organisms are made up of cells and its products.
2) All cells arise from pre existing cells “Omnis cellula e cellula”- Rudolf Virchow.
3) Function of an organism is the sum total of the the interactions of its constituent cells.

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10
Q

components of the cell envelope?

A
  • Glycocalyx
  • Cell Wall
  • Plasma Membrane
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11
Q

Main Dna is part of nucleoid.

A

True

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12
Q

Components of nucleiod.

A
  • Main dna
  • rna
  • ribosome
  • proteins
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13
Q

What does glycocalyx do and what is it made up of ?

A

made up of sugar and amino acids helps bac to be adhesive.

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14
Q

Two type of glycocalyx

use of second type

A

thin - slime layer

thick - capsule (protect the bac from the the immune cells of the host body)

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15
Q

Explain R strain and S strain bac

A

non virulent as sugar molecule exposed due to slime layer

virulent coz sugar molecule not exposed due to thick capsule

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16
Q

Cell wall is living or non living?

is it selectively/semi/fully permeable?

A

non living and rigid

fully permeable

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17
Q

what is algal cell wall made up of ?

A

cellulose, galactans, mannans and minerals like caco3

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18
Q

what and how is the cell wall of plantae and protista made?

A

polymerisation of glucose w/o any change.

  • cellulose
  • hemicellulose
  • pectin
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19
Q

how is the cell wall of fungus formed

A

polymarisation of glucose along with the addition of acetyl and amine group.

NAG formed.

polymer of nag = chitin which forms the cell wall

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20
Q

monera cell wall formation

A

nag+lactic acid = nam

nag+nam+proteins = peptidoglycan (what does it mean?)

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21
Q

what is the cell membrane made up of ? is it selectively or semi permeable?

A

lipids - 40%
proteins - 52%
carbo - rest
selectively permeable

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22
Q

functions of cell membrane

A

1) transport of solute and solvent

2) during respiration, photosynthesis and secretion modifies(invegination) itself to increase surface area.

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23
Q

what does the cell membrane develop into?

A

mesosome and chromatophore

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24
Q

what are the functions of mesosome and chromatophore and what do they contain?

A

mesosome (contains enzyme) - respiration ,bacterial division , dna seperation during duplication .
chromatophore (contains pigments for photosynthesis)
- helps in photosynthesis

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25
Q

what is mesosome similar to?

what is chromatophore similar to?

A
  • cristae of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cell.

- thylakoi of chloroplast of eukary cell

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26
Q

diff between semi permeable and selectively permeable membrane

A
  • transport of solvent

- transport of solvent plus selected solute

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27
Q

3 types of modified cell wall

A

lignified - fully permeable
suberized- cant transport any material
cuticularized - cant transport any material

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28
Q

flagella components

A
  • hook
  • filament
  • basal body
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29
Q

explain the structure of flagella.

what are distal and proximal rings?

A

refer pg 6
l and p rings in cell wall
s and m rings in cell membrane

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30
Q

what is pilli made up of?

A

pillus protein

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31
Q

what is parasexual activity?

A

genetic recombination w/o use of gamete

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32
Q

process of congjugation in bacteria

A

refer to pg 7

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33
Q

what is fimbrae

A

spike like structures which help the bac attach to substances

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34
Q

what is plasmid ? what is it made up of and from where does it arise?

A

extra chromosomal/nucleoid/genetic material.

made of ds dna and made from main dna

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35
Q

types of plasmid and function?

A 
f plasmid - fertility factor
r plasmid - resistance factor 
Col plsmid - colicine - to kill other bacteria 
Degraditive plasmid 
refer to pg 8 for more
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36
Q

what are cell inclusions ?

give three examples.

A

aggregate of non living material of cell.(proteins,oil drops,carbohydrates,lipids)

  • Cyanophyccans- carbo in blue green algae
  • phosphate granules
  • poly-beta-hydroxy butyrate : source for production of bio plastics.
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37
Q

what all things are membraneless in a cell?

A

,cell inclusions,ribosomes

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38
Q

why are ribosomes called palade particles?

A

because they were discovered by george palade

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39
Q

what type of ribosomes are there in a plant cell?

A

70s

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40
Q

what is the function of ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

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41
Q

In a prokary cell ,what do ribosomes present in the cell membrane do?

A

they help in the production of extra cellular or secretory proteins that are sent outside the cell.

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42
Q

In a prokary cell, what do the ribosomes present in the cytoplasm do?

A

they help in the production of the intracellular proteins or non secretory proteins

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43
Q

what is the 70s ribosome made up of?

A

50s and 30s subunits

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44
Q

what is a polysome?

A

many ribosomes on 1 m-rna is called a polysome

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45
Q

why do cancer cells have abundance of ribosomes?

A

they need more proteins to divide rapidly

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46
Q

who saw the cell wall first?

A

robert hooke

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47
Q

is the cell wall dead or living?

A

dead coz it lacks regulatory proteins which regulate the transport of materials

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48
Q

what is the cementing agent b/w two cells?

A

the middle lamella

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49
Q

what is the middle lamella made up of ?

A

Ca and Mg pectate (calcium plus pectin - glucose derivation)

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50
Q

what happens during ripening of a fruit?

A

the middle lamella degrades and the cells separate due to which the fruit becomes soft.

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51
Q

what do meristematic cells have and why? (type of cell wall)

A

primary cell wall coz they are elastic and can grow in young plants, but this ability diminishes as the cell matures.

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52
Q

how is the secondary cell wall formed?

A

deposition of material inside the primary cell wall by the process of intusuccpetion.

53
Q

what is desmotubule

A

help in the regulation of transport of material. such as water, minerals, rna and dna.

54
Q

what is the plasmodesmata?

why is it called cytoplasmic bridge?

A

desmotubule + cytoplasm

joins the cytoplasm of two cells.

55
Q

what is symplast?

A

the protoplasm continuation is k/a symplast.

56
Q

what are pits?

A

loss of protoplasm by the cell leads to formation of lumen and blanks pace. these blank spaces in the plasmodesmata aka PITS.

57
Q

where are the pits present ?

A

only in secondary cell wall

  • tracheids and vessels of xylem
  • sieve tubes of phloem.
58
Q

types of pits

A

simple - uniform thickness

bordered - over deposition of cell wall material

59
Q

functions of cell wall

A

refer to pg 111

60
Q

is the cell membrane living?

A

yes as it has regulatory proteins

61
Q

what is lipid of cell membrane made up of?

structure?

A

glycerol + 2 fatty acid + phosphate
head- phosphate - hydrophilic
tail-fatty acid- hydrophobic

62
Q

what were the various models of cell membrane ?

A

1) overtan
2) gorter and grandel
3) davson and danielle
4)singer and nicholson
refer pg 12

63
Q

what did gorter and grandel say?

A

double the amount of lipids as comapared to the surface area hence called the bilipid layer

64
Q

thickness of protein and lipid bilayer in davson and danielle model?

A

protein - 20 armstrong * 2layers
lipid bilayer- 35 armstrong
total - 75 armstrong

65
Q

why did davson and danielle fail?

A

couldnt explain how materials went through the membrane

66
Q

explain the fluid mosaic model

A

refer pg 13

67
Q

what are transmembranous proteins?

A

1) they are present through out the plasma membrane and help in the transport of material.
2) also called intrinsic protein hard to remove

68
Q

what are peripheral proteins?

A

present at only one side of the cell membrane and k/a intrinsic proteins and can be easily removed.

69
Q

what are the functions of cholestrol in the cell membrane?

A
  • heat management prevent the plasma membrane from freezing or melting
  • stabilty
70
Q

what are the two movements of the plasma membrane?

which all enzymes are involved in the only lipid movement?

A
  • 1) the lateral movement - common - shown by both proteins and lipids
    2) flip-flop movement - rare - only done by lipid
  • governed by flipase and flopase
71
Q

how do transport of molecules take place by the plasma membrane?

A
  • passive- w/o energy
  • active - with energy
  • bulk - dependent on pressure includes endocytosis (phagocytosis and pinocytosis) and exocytosis(cell vomiting)
72
Q

what is the endomembrane system?

what all does it include?

A

endo- inside the cell
membrane - membrane bound organelles
system- work in coordination
THE ER, GOLGI, LYSOSOMES AND VACUOLES

73
Q

what is the other name for er and why is it called dynamic?

A

the skeleton of the cell.

coz membranes constantly keep fragmenting and making.

74
Q

what does the er divide the cell into?

A

luminal(inside the er) and extra luminal(outsid ethe er) space

75
Q

what are the components of er?

A

cisternae
tubule
vesicles

76
Q

short note on cisternae of er

A
  • flat sac like structures

- helps in protein synthesis so has 80s ribosomes attached

77
Q

why is the mitochondria called the powerhouse of the cell?

A

produces atp and helps in its transport as well by taking the help of nadh2 and fadh2

78
Q

what is the shape of the mitochondria?

A

cylindrical and sausage shaped

79
Q

why do we need to stain mitochondria?

which dye is used to dye mitochondria?

A

because of its small size

janus green

80
Q

how many membrane does mitochondria have?

name them.

A

2 membranes. the outer mitochondrial membrane and the inner mitochondrial membrane.

81
Q

what is the function of outer mitochondrial membrane?

A

has lipid bilayer and helps in the transport of materials

82
Q

what is the function of IMM?

why does it have more proteins?

A

helps in aerobic respiration which helps the electron transport system.
requires high amt of proteins because ets needs it. high amt o fprotein is stored in the cristae and imm and to hold these phospholipids converts into a new form called CARDIOLIPIN

83
Q

what are oxysomes and where are they?

A

they are made up of F0 and F1 particles and are embedded in the cristae.

84
Q

what are the two compartments of the mitohondria.

A
  • outer mitochondrial compartment (inter mitochondrial membranous space)
  • inner mitochondrial compartment (matrix)
85
Q

what all is included in the inner compartment?

A

it is the gel like substance

1) DNA : ds , circular and has G C (guanine and cytosine) content
2) RNA
3) RIBOSOMES - 70s
4) ENZYMES

86
Q

what does the matric do?

A

helps in krebs/tca cycle and link reaction

87
Q

explain the aerobic reaction in mito

A

glycolysis- cytoplasm
link formation - matric
tca cycle - matrix
ETS - cristae and imm

88
Q

what are the functions of the mitochondria?

A

1) helps in aerobic respiration

2) produces energy and converts it into atp

89
Q

do plastids need to be dyed?

A

no as they are large organelles

90
Q

which all cell organelles have double membrane?

A

mitochondria, plastids

91
Q

what are the three types of plastids on the basis of pigments?

A

1) Leucoplasts - colourless
2) Chromoplasts - coloured
3) Chloroplasts - green coloured

92
Q

what is the function of leucoplast and what are the three type of luecoplasts ?

A

luecoplasts helps in the storage of biomolecules.

1) Amyloplast : storage of carbo - eg potato
2) Elioplast : storage of oil - eg castor seed
3) Alueroplast : storage of protein -
eg maize seed - central part - carbo
outer part - has alurone layer where the cells contain aleuroplast

93
Q

what colour are carotenoids responsible for and what is its relation with water?

A

yellow red - pink - red

hydrophobic in nature

94
Q

where are carotenoids present in the cell?

A

in the membrane of chromoplast

95
Q

what are anthocyanins? how does it react with water? where are they located?

A

pigments which give violet color.
hydrophilic
vacuole or cytoplasm

96
Q

what pigment does chloroplast contain? water relation?position?

A

chloropyhll
hydrophobic
in the membrane of chloroplast

97
Q

what all does the stroma include ?

A

1) gel like structure.
2) thylakoid - group of thylakoid - granum
3) stroma lamella
4) DNA , RNA , 70s ribosome, protein factor

98
Q

what is the thylokoid?

A

disc shape structure covered by thylakoid membrane

99
Q

which all pigments does the thylakoid membrane contain?

A

CHLOROPHYLL
CAROTENOID
XANTHOPHYLL

100
Q

what does the stroma lemalla do?

A

connects two granum

101
Q

what are ribosomes made up of?

A

ribonucleic acid and proteins aka r-rna

102
Q

what is the 70s rna made up of?

A

30s - 16s plus proteins

50s - 23s + 5s plus proteins

103
Q

what is 80s rna made up of?

A

40s- 18s plus proteins

60s- 28s + 5.8s + 5s plus proteins

104
Q

what is s in 70s and 80s?

A

it is the sedimentation constant which denote the size and density of the ribosome. it is also k/a swedbergs unit.

105
Q

what is the largest cell organelle?

in plant cell?

A

nucleus

vacuole

106
Q

which all organisms have more than one nucleus ?

A

PARAMECIUM- two nucleus
one macro for nutrition
one minor for reproduction

OPALINA
permanent multinucleate condn

107
Q

what all are anucleate?

A

RBC - matabolism not controlled at maturity and hence a non living object
SIEVE TUBES OF PHLOEM - metabolism controlled by companion cells hence a living being

108
Q

what all is included in the nuclear envelope?

A

inner nuclear membrane
outer nuclear membrane
inter nuclear membranous space ka perinuclear space
nuclear pore

109
Q

describe the inner nuclear membrane

A

it is smooth
no ribosome
not attached to the er

110
Q

describe inter nuclear membranous space and how thick it is?

A

space between the two membranes

20-25nm

111
Q

describe outer nuclear membrane

A

it is rough
has 80s ribosomes
connected to er

112
Q

describe nuclear pore.

A

highly regulated.

space of attachment of the membranes

113
Q

what is included in nucleoplasm?

A

nucleolus and chromatin material

114
Q

what are chromatin and what dye is used to stain it?

A

chromatin are coloured components

ACETOCARMINE

115
Q

what all does chromatin material have?

A
  • dna
  • rna
  • enzyme factor
  • histone and non histone proteins
116
Q

what are the two colour patterns of dyed chromatin

A
  • heterochromatin

- euchromatin

117
Q

what is heterochromatin and what does it do?

what is it also called?

A

it has more colour. Rna synthesis doesnt take place here because the dna here is densely packed.so it is genetically not active
it is aka junk dna

118
Q

what is euchromatin?

A

less color
rna synthesis takes place as the dna is loosely packed here
genetically active

119
Q

what does the nucleolus do?

A

it is teh active site oof the production of ribosomes by combining the ribosomal subunits and the proteins.

120
Q

what is cytoskeleton?

A

filamentous proteinaceous structure made up of microfilaments , microtubules and intermediate filaments.

121
Q

function of cytoskeleton

A
  • mechanical support
  • maintains shape
  • motility
  • condensation of dna
122
Q

cilla are small structures which work like ___

A

oars

123
Q

what is microtubule?

A

tubule at micron or very small level.

124
Q

structure of microtubule

A

monomers- alpha and beta tubulin proteins —> polymerization —-> protofilament —-> 13 protofilament = 1 microtubule

125
Q

size of microtubule

A

25nm and hollow structure - 15nm and protofilament size - 10nm

126
Q

functions of microtubule ?

A
  • shape of cell
  • formation of cilia and flagella
  • formation of centriole,spindle fibres,spindle appendages and astral rays
127
Q

which all cell organelles are membrane less?

A

centriole and ribosomes

128
Q

how are two centrioles arranged and what is their combination called?

A

arranged at 90 degree to each other

-diplosome or centersome

129
Q

which cell organnelle is present in eukary cells but not in higher plants ?

A

centrosome

bio class 11 (8 decks)

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