Nudging Mechanisms Flashcards
1
Q
Name the 6 categories of nudging mechanisms
A
- Facilitate
- Confront
- Deceive
- Social influence
- Fear
- Reinforce
2
Q
What is the motive of nudges that facilitate and which cognitive biase(s) does it combat or exploit?
A
- Facilitate decision-making by diminishing individual’s physical or mental effort
- Designed to encourage people to intuitively pursue a predefined set of actions, which resemble people’s best interests and goals
- Exploits the status-quo bias and one mechanism the positioning heuristic
- Maintain choices already made because the process of searching for a better alternative is often slow, uncertain or costly
3
Q
Default options
A
- Facilitate
- 15% reduction in paper consumption when replacing the default printer option to “double-sided print”
- Assign random, memorable secure passwords to users
- Present a checklist of symptoms that doctors should consider during diagnosis
- Facilitator
4
Q
Opt-out policies
A
- Facilitate
- Assuming users’s consent to a procedure, leading to automatic enrollment
- Assigning permanent appointments for vaccinations
- Increase password security by automatically enrolling users to the password generation feature
- Facilitator
5
Q
Positioning
A
- Facilitate
- Positioning heuristic
- Altering visual arrangement of the options provided
- Placing the most secure wireless network option at the top
- Using color codes to label network’s security
- Arranging items on a retail website by quality -> descending = consumers attribute greater value to the quality -> ascending = consumers attribute greater value to the price
- Facilitator
6
Q
Hiding
A
- Facilitate
- Making undesirable options harder to reach
- Snack ordering website promoting healthy choices: unhealthy snacks on the last two pages 53% opt for healthy snack
- Facilitator
7
Q
Suggesting alternatives
A
- Facilitate
- Suggest possible choice alternatives to draw attention to occurrences that might have not been considered
- Groceries shopping website: for each food item in the shopping card a possible food alternative is suggested. Found a medain of 4 swaps out of 12 foods purchased
- Suggest more secure alternatives to a user-created password
- Facilitator
8
Q
What is the motive of nudges that confront and which cognitive biase(s) does it combat or exploit?
A
- Attempt to pause an unwanted action by instilling doubt
- Taps into the regret aversion bias, the availability heuristic and the confirmation bias
- Attempt to break mindless behavior and prompt a reflective choice
9
Q
Throttling mindless activity
A
- Confront
- A simple time buffer to reverse the action
- Chrome plugin that holds the publication of a facebook post for 10 seconds to re-examine the content
- Spark
10
Q
Reminding of the consequenses
A
- Confront
- Availability heuristic
- Prompts to reflect on the consequences of their actions
- Permissions dialog of Google play store that incorporates personalized scenarios that disclose potential risks “this app can delete your photos”
- Facebook plugin that confronts the user when disclosing pictures of children
- Web plugin that reminds you of the users’ audience showing five contacts saying “these people and x more can see this”
- Spark
11
Q
Creating friction
A
- Confront
- Attempts to minimize this intrusiveness while maintaining the capacity to change users’ behavior
- Key holder that nudges users to choose the bike over car by dropping the bike key on the floor when one picks up the car key
- Reading lamp that decreases intensity over time to nudge the user to rethink if it is really needed
- Aureole aroudn query text box which provides feedback through color and size to motivate longer queries
- Signal
12
Q
Providing multiple viewpoints
A
- Confront
- Confirmation bias
- Medical decision support tool that collects patients’ reviews of medicines from social media and presents two different treatments side by side while displaying user reviews, thus instigating a comparative inquiry and avoiding a fixation on a single treatment
- Collecting different points of view for an event and offering an unbiased clustered overview
- Spark
13
Q
What is the motive of nudges that deceive and which cognitive biase(s) does it combat or exploit?
A
- Uses deception mechanisms in order to affect how alternatives are perceived, or how activities are experienced, with the goal of promoting particular outcomes
- Uses the decoy effect, the peak-end rule, the placebo effect and the salience bias
14
Q
Adding inferior alternatives
A
- Deceive
- The decoy effect
- To increase the preference for fruit over a cookie, the picture of a big and shiny apple was positioned next to a small withered apple. Adding an inerior option increased the importance of the shiny apple
- Motivate the purchase of a laptop by displaying the item next to two other laptops: one of high quality and considerably higher price, and one of lower quality and comparable price
- Spark
15
Q
Biasing the memory of past experiences
A
- Deceive
- The peak-end rule
- Manipulating the speed of progress bars and reordering tasks’ sequence in a way that the ones demanding lower workload are located in the end
- Altered the sequence of events, varying in mental and physical difficulty, in a computer game, and found increased user enjoyment
- Induced mistakes by the opponents to boost users’ enjoyment of the game at the end of each level
- Spark
