nucleotides Flashcards
Describe and explain the role of ATP in the cell.
transfers energy / energy ‘currency’ / releases energy /
universal energy molecule / energy intermediate /
(immediate) source of energy ;
phosphate(s) can be removed by hydrolysis ;
to , release / provide , 30kJ (mol-1) energy ;
(energy released for) metabolism /
appropriate named reaction /
appropriate reaction described ;
ADP can attach a phosphate (forming ATP) during ,
respiration / photosynthesis ;
energy released in ,
small ‘packets’ (to prevent cell damage) /
suitable quantity ;
State the role of a gene.
code for (one or more) polypeptide(s) ;
Explain how the structure of DNA allows replication.
double stranded ;
each / both (strands) act as template ;
hydrogen bonds , easily , break / form , between
bases ;
complementary (specified) base , pairing / AW ;
purine (only able to) bind to pyrimidine ;
(due to) different sizes of purines and pyrimidines ;
hydrogen bonding different between A & T and C & G
or
3 H bonds between C & G and
2 H bonds between A & T ;
State the name given to the sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule.
primary structure
State two ways in which a diagram of part of an RNA molecule would appear different from the DNA molecule
(usually) single stranded / would not have 2 strands ;
uracil / U, instead of thymine / T ;
Explain why DNA replication is considered to be semi-conservative.
one strand, from original DNA and one strand newly formed ;
an , (original) strand / polynucleotide , acts as template (for new
strand) ;
Explain why complementary base-pairing is important in DNA replication.
(DNA) can be replicated without error / same sequence of nucleotides is produced ;
reduces occurrence of mutation ;
allows (re-)formation of , hydrogen / H , bonds ;
Suggest one feature of the cells of insects that would identify insects as belonging to the domain Eukaryota.
nucleus ;
membrane bound organelles / named organelle ;
80S / 22nm / large(r) , ribosomes ;
One type of cell involved in an immune response is a plasma cell, which releases antibodies.
Plasma cells contain RNA.
Outline the roles of RNA in plasma cells.In your answer you should give an account of the different roles of RNA.
1 antibodies are proteins ;
2 DNA unable to leave nucleus ;
3 (m)RNA , copies / is a copy of , gene(s) / part of DNA ;
4 (RNA) passes , out of nucleus / through nuclear pore /
into cytoplasm ;
5 to / at , ribosome / RER ;
6 ribosome made of (r)RNA ;
7 (RNA needed for) protein synthesis / formation of
polypeptides / AW ;
8 amino acids brought by (t)RNA ;
Describe the structural relationship between deoxyribose and the other components of the DNA molecule.
part of nucleotide ;
bonded / joined / attached , to (named) base and
phosphate ;
phosphate (joined) to C5 (and C3)
/ base (joined) to C1 ;
(deoxyribose is part of) backbone (of DNA) ;
idea of linking with (second) phosphate on adjacent
nucleotide ;
nucleotide is , monomer / repeating unit , of DNA /
polynucleotide ;
different, amino acids / amino acid sequence / primary
structure ;
different, (named feature of) secondary / (named feature
of) tertiary / quaternary, structure ;
different , base / nucleotide , sequence ;
different , proportion / ratio , of bases / nucleotides ;
different , allele / gene (would code for the polypeptide) ;
Describe how the DNA molecule replicates.
semi-conservative (replication) ;
(double) helix, untwists / uncoils / unwinds / unravels ;
hydrogen bonds (between bases) break ;
each strand acts as the template
(for the formation of a new molecule) ;
free (DNA) nucleotides (align with exposed bases) ;
complementary base pairing / purine to pyrimidine ;
hydrogen bonds (re)form ;
sugar-phosphate backbone forms /
adjacent nucleotides join ;
DNA polymerase joins , backbone / strands ;
each new molecule has 1 old and 1 new strand
