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biology year 1 > biomolecules > Flashcards

biomolecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain why phenylalanine and tyrosine are classified as amino acids.

A

both have an
amine / amino / NH2 ;
COOH / carboxyl / carboxylic ;

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2
Q

Name the covalent bond between two adjacent amino acids in a chain of amino acids.

A

peptide (bond / link) ;

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3
Q

Name the type of reaction involved in breaking this bond and describe what happens in this reaction.

A

hydrolysis ;

water / H2O , is , added / used / needed ;

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4
Q

Erythrocytes contain haemoglobin, which is a globular protein.Blood vessel walls contain collagen, which is a fibrous protein.
Describe the differences between globular and fibrous proteins using haemoglobin and collagen as examples.
In your answer you should refer to collagen and haemoglobin.

A

Globular
ball (shaped) / spherical / AW ;
hydrophilic , (R-)groups / regions , on outside (of 3-D
structure) / hydrophobic (R-)groups on inside ;
form H-bonds with water ;
soluble ;
example of globular protein (other than haemoglobin) ;
haemoglobin , carries / transports , oxygen / carbon
dioxide ;
haemoglobin contains , prosthetic group / haem / Fe2+ /
iron ion (to allow oxygen to be carried) ;
(polypeptide chains within) haemoglobin have tertiary
structure (in a ball shape) ;
Fibrous
linear / long (chain) ;
(chains can) form (H) bonds with adjacent , chains
(within a molecule) ;
insoluble / few hydrophilic groups ;
strong / provide strength ;
have structural role ;
collagen has high proportion of glycine , so chains can
lie close together / AW ;
collagen forms , crosslinks / covalent bonds , between
molecules ;
crosslinks / ends of molecules, are staggered to avoid ,
weak points / AW ;
collagen forms part of , tendon / cartilage / ligament /
bone / connective tissue / bronchi / bronchioles /
trachea / skin ;

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5
Q

Describe how to do the emulsion test for lipids and how a positive result would be identified.

A

mix with / add , ethanol / alcohol , and water ;

(goes) cloudy ;

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6
Q

How might the lipid content of mycoprotein differ from food that comes from animals?

A

less (overall , lipid / fat) ;
less / no , saturated (fat / lipid / fatty acids) ;
more unsaturated (fat / lipid / fatty acids) ;

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7
Q

Complete the following table to show three other differences in the structures of starch (amylose) and cellulose molecules.

A 
(contains) α / alpha / A /
a ,-glucose
(contains) β / beta / B / b
, -glucose ;
α / alpha / A / a 1-4
glycosidic bonds
β / beta / B / b 1-4
glycosidic bonds ;
all , monomers / AW , in
same orientation
alternate monomers at ,
180° / AW , to each other ;
granular / not fibrous fibrous / not granular ;
H bonds within molecule
/ no (H) bonds (between
molecules)
(H) bonds between
adjacent molecules
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8
Q

Which properties of cellulose make it suitable for forming cell walls?

A

(tensile) strength / strong ;
(H) bonds / links , can form (between adjacent fibrils) ;
insoluble ;

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9
Q

Describe the formation of a hydrogen bond between two molecules of water and explain why water can form these bonds.

A 
1 between O and H (of adjacent molecules) ;
2 between , electropositive / δ+
 / delta+
(H), and ,
electronegative / δ-
/ delta-
(O) ;
3 water molecule , is polar / has charge separation ;
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10
Q

Hydrogen bonds allow water to act as a solvent.Why is the ability of water to act as a solvent important for the survival of organisms?

A

medium for (metabolic) reactions ;
(because) allows (named) ionic compound(s) to
separate ;
transport ;
two named transport , systems / media
OR
one example of a transport , medium / system , with a
named example of what is transported ;
(organisms can) absorb / take in , (named) minerals /
ions / (named) gas / food ;
able to dilute toxic substances ;

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11
Q

State one property of collagen that makes it a useful component of blood vessel walls.

A

strength / toughness / insolubility ;

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12
Q

Describe the structure of the collagen molecule.

A

peptide bonds , between amino acids / in
polypeptide ;
every 3rd amino acids is , same / glycine ;
coil / twist / spiral / helix ;
left-handed (helix) ;
glycine / small R group , allows closeness /
twisting (of polypeptide chains) ;
three polypeptide chains ;
hydrogen / H , bonds between (polypeptide)
chains ;
no / few, hydrophilic (R) groups on outside (of
molecule) ;
(adjacent molecules joined by) crosslinks ;
crosslinks / ends of molecules , being
staggered ;
fibril ;

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13
Q

State one function of haemoglobin.

A

transport / AW , of, oxygen / O2 ;

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14
Q

Describe three other ways in which the structure of haemoglobin differs from that of collagen.

A

haemoglobin (has / is):
globular ;
hydrophobic (R) groups on inside / hydrophilic
(R) groups on outside ;
4 , chains / sub-units / polypeptides ;
idea that subunits are (two) different types ;
α / alpha , helix ;
idea that proportion of glycine similar to that ,
of other amino acids / in other proteins ;

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15
Q

Identify two differences and two similarities in the structures of triglycerides and phospholipids

A 
triglyceride phospholipid
difference 3 fatty acids 2 fatty acids ;
difference 3 ester bonds 2 ester bonds ;
difference absence of phosphate presence of phosphate ;
similarity (contain) glycerol ;
similarity (contain) fatty acids ;
similarity (contain) ester bonds ;
similarity (contain elements) C,H and O ;
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16
Q

Name the test used to identify the presence of lipids.

A

emulsion (test) ;

17
Q

Describe how you would carry out this test on a food sample.

A

emulsion test
1 add , ethanol / alcohol , (to sample) ;
2 shake / stir / agitate / mix thoroughly / AW ;
3 add (to) water ;
If candidate is clearly describing Sudan III test
5 mix sample with water ;
6 add Sudan III (stain) ;
7 shake / stir / agitate / mix thoroughly / AW ;
If candidate is describing translucent grease mark test
AWARD one mark only ;

18
Q

State the expected result if lipid is present in the food sample.

A

(mixture) turns, cloudy / milky / white ;

19
Q

Name the precise group of carbohydrate molecules of which glucose is an example.

A

monosaccharides

20
Q

State and explain two ways in which the glucose molecule is well suited to its function in living organisms.

A

soluble so can be (easily) , transported / carried
(around organism) ;
small (molecule) so can , be transported / diffuse ,
across (cell) membranes ;
easily / quickly , respired / oxidised / broken down , to ,
release energy / produce ATP ;
molecules can , join / AW , to produce , (named)
disaccharides / (named) polysaccharides

21
Q

Identify three mistakes made by the student when describing the structure of cellulose.

A 
α-glucose /
β-glucose ;
some / no , 1–6 bonds
or
only 1 –4 bonds ;
condensation / hydrolysis ;
branches / straight chain ;
22
Q

Suggest the name of a molecule that closely matches the student’s description.

A

glycogen / amylopectin

23
Q

identify the type of carbohydrate molecule of which the carbohydrate agarose is an example.

A

polysaccharide

24
Q

Suggest two ways in which the reliability of the experiment could be improved.

A

replicate(s) / repeat(s) ;
more than one sample tested from each tube / sample
each tube twice ;

25
Q

Name the polymer formed from a chain of amino acids.

A

polypeptide / protein

26
Q

Name the bond that is formed when two amino acids are joined together. Describe the formation of this bond.

A 
peptide (bond / link) ;
plus any two from ...
description of formation
between, amine group (of one amino acid)
 and carboxyl group (of another) ;
H (from amine) combines with OH (from carboxyl) ;
condensation (reaction)
OR
water, lost / eliminated / produced / created / AW ;
27
Q

Many of the physical properties of water arise as a result of these hydrogen bonds.Describe ways in which the physical properties of water allow organisms to survive over a range of temperatures.
In your answer you should make clear links between the properties of water and the survival of organisms.

A

V1 high latent heat of vaporisation / large amount of energy
required to change from liquid to gas / AW ;
V2 evaporation is (efficient) cooling mechanism / AW ;
V3 example of cooling in living organism ;
H1 high specific heat capacity / large amount of energy needed
to, raise / change, temperature ;
H2 (thermally) stable environment for, aquatic /
named aquatic, organisms ;
H3 (aquatic) organisms use less energy on temperature
control ;
H4 (internal) temperature of organisms changes only slowly ;
H5 (biological) reactions / enzymes / metabolism, function(s)
correctly ;
F1 ice, is less dense than water / floats ;
F2 (surface of) ice provides habitat for, organisms / named
organism ;
I1 water (beneath ice), insulated / remains liquid / doesn’t
freeze ;
I2 (aquatic) organisms, do not freeze / can still swim ;
S1 (effective) solvent ;
S2 medium for reactions / (internal) transport medium / able to
dilute toxic substances ;
C1 cohesion / adhesion ;
C2 example of cohesion / adhesion, in living organism ;
T1 surface tension ;
T2 habitat for (named) invertebrates ;
P1 transparent ;
P2 allows underwater photosynthesis ;
D1 idea of high density ;
D2 allows flotation / support ;
U organisms can still obtain, oxygen / (named) minerals / food /
carbon dioxide, from water ;

28
Q

List three other examples of where hydrogen bonds are found in biological molecules.

A

protein secondary structure / α-helix / -pleated sheet ;
(protein) tertiary structure ;
between polypeptide chains in (named) quaternary
structure ;
(between chains of) cellulose ;
(between, strands of / bases in) DNA ;

29
Q

State two roles of cholesterol in living organisms.

A

regulates fluidity of / stabilises / AW, membranes / phospholipid bilayer ;
(converted to) steroid / named steroid, hormone(s) ;
waterproofing the skin ;
making Vitamin D ;
making bile (salts) ;

30
Q

Identify one way in which the molecular structure of cholesterol is similar to the molecular structure of a carbohydrate.

A

contains C and H and O ;
has, OH / hydroxyl, groups ;
hex / 6-membered, ring ;

31
Q

Cholesterol is transported in the blood within molecules of low-density lipoprotein (LDL).Name two molecules that combine with cholesterol to form LDLs.

A

(saturated) lipids / fats / triglycerides ;

protein / polypeptide ;

32
Q

Explain why glycogen makes a good storage molecule.

A

insoluble ;
does not , change / affect , water potential / Ψ , of cell ;
can be , broken down / hydrolysed / built up ,
quickly / easily ;
lots of branches for enzymes to attach ;
compact ;
(therefore) high energy content for mass / energy dense
/ AW ;

33
Q

When glycogen is hydrolysed, mole A is produced.
State the precise name of molecule A
State one function of molecule A.

A

α /alpha , glucose ;
respiratory substrate / used for respiration ;
source of / releases / provides, energy ;
formation of ATP ;
conversion into named compound ;

34
Q

Complete the table below to give three differences in the structures of glycogen and cellulose.

A 
glycogen cellulose
no hydrogen bonding hydrogen bonding
α / alpha , glucose β / beta , glucose ;
1,4 and 1,6-glycosidic
bonds
or
1,6-glycosidic bonds
present
1,4-glycosidic bonds (only)
or
1,6-glycosidic bonds
not present
;
branched not branched / linear / straight ;
no , fibres / fibrils fibres / fibrils ;
granules no granules ;
all glucose units in same
orientation
adjacent glucose units in
opposite orientation
35
Q

Name the monomers that make up:
proteins
RNA

A 
amino acid(s) ;
nucleotide(s) ;
36
Q

Describe how a hydrogen bond is formed.

A

between oxygen and hydrogen (atoms) ;

(between) electronegative / δ-, and electropositive / δ+ ;

37
Q

suggest what would happen to the iodine-amylose complex if the solution was heated to 60 °C

A

hydrogen / H, bonds break ;
helix, lost / unravels / AW ;
iodine, released / no longer in complex / AW ;

38
Q

Haemoglobin is a globular protein.Describe the structure of a haemoglobin molecule.
In your answer, you should include details of the secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of the molecule.

A

sequence / chain, of amino acids ;
(amino acids) joined by peptide bonds ;
secondary
alpha / α, helix ;
small regions of, beta / β, pleated sheet / fold ;
hydrogen / H, bonds ;
tertiary
secondary structure / helix / polypeptide chain, undergoes
further, coiling / folding ;
3 bonds / interactions from: disulfide / ionic / hydrogen /
hydrophobic or hydrophilic ;
hydrophilic R groups on outside (of molecule) / hydrophobic
R groups on inside (of molecule) ;
quaternary
4, polypeptides / subunits ;
2, alpha / α, chains and 2, beta / β, chains ;
1 haem (group) per polypeptide / 4 haems (per molecule) ;
prosthetic group (is) haem, (which) contains Fe2+ ;

39
Q

Describe the ways in which the structure of collagen is similar to the structure of haemoglobin.

A 
(collagen has)
amino acid, chain / sequence ;
peptide bonds ;
helical / helix ;
3 bonds / interactions from: disulfide / ionic / hydrogen /
hydrophobic or hydrophilic ;
quaternary structure ;
more than one polypeptide / subunit ;

biology year 1 (15 decks)

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