cellular division/organisation Flashcards
Name the type of tissue that undergoes cell division to form these undifferentiated plant cells.
meristematic
A pair of chromosomes that contain genes for the same characteristics.
homologous (chromosomes) OR homologue(s) ;
A group of organs working together to perform an essential function.
(organ) system ;
A type of cell division that produces genetic variation.
meiosis ;
Name the process of asexual reproduction in yeast.
budding
Outline the process of asexual reproduction in yeast.
mitosis ;
swelling / bulge, in (surface of) the cell ;
nucleus moves into, swelling / bulge / bud ;
idea that, bulge / bud, nips / pinches / breaks off / cleaves ;
ref to uneven distribution of cytoplasm ;
Even when the environmental conditions are perfect, one yeast cell rarely produces the calculated number of potential new cells.
Suggest why the reproductive potential of the yeast cell is not reached.
new bud cannot occur, on / close to, old scar ;
not enough space between scars for another bud ;
yeast cell not a true sphere ;
(gene) mutation / DNA damage ;
Yeast cells separate after cell division. In a multicellular organism, the cells do not separate but become organised to form the body structure.Describe how the cells in a multicellular organism are organised.
(cells) differentiate(d) / specialise(d) ;
(groups of) cells form tissue(s) ;
(groups of) tissues form organ(s) ;
(groups of organs) form organ system(s) ;
(group of) cells / tissues / organs / organ systems, work
together / interact ;
named example of a tissue / an organ /an organ system ;
QWC
differentiate, specialise / specialize, tissue, organ, organ
system
Name the type of cell division that occurs in asexual reproduction.
mitosis
Before the division of the nucleus of a cell, the genetic material must replicate. Explain why this is essential.
idea that:
cells, genetically identical / have same DNA ;
so both (daughter) cells receive a full, copy / complement ;
Unlike yeast, the nuclei of most eukaryotic organisms contain homologous pairs of chromosomes.Explain what is meant by a homologous pair of chromosomes
1 one maternal and one paternal / AW ; 2 carry same genes ; 3 carry, same / different, alleles ; 4 (usually) same / similar, length ; 5 centromere in same position ; 6 same banding pattern ; 7 pair up in meiosis / form bivalent ;
State what is meant by the term tissue.
a, group / collection, of cells ;
(cells) specialised / AW ;
to perform a function(s) / working together ;
The liver is an organ.
Explain what is meant by the term organ.
idea of more than one (type of) tissue ;
working together / performing a function(s) ;
Using the mammalian gaseous exchange system as an example, explain how the different cells and tissues enable the effective exchange of gases.
C1 thin / squamous, epithelium ; C2 thin endothelium (of capillary) ; F1 (provides) short diffusion distance / described ; F2 ref to surfactant (from epithelial cells) , reducing surface tension / preventing alveoli collapsing ; C3 blood / red blood cells / erythrocytes ; F3 transports (named) gas(es) , to / from , exchange surface / alveoli ; C4 diaphragm / intercostals , muscles ; F4 (maintains / creates) diffusion / concentration , gradient ; C5 ciliated epithelium / goblet cells / ciliated cells ; F5 idea of: protection from / removal of , dust / bacteria / pollen / spores ; C6 cartilage ; F6 hold airway open ; C7 smooth muscle ; F7 constrict / control diameter of , airway / blood vessel ; C8 elastic , fibres / tissue ; F8 for recoil / aiding ventilation ; C9 macrophage / neutrophil ; F9 engulf / destroy pathogens or protect from infection ; QWC epithelium / epithelial, endothelium, cartilage, diffuse / diffusion, gradient, goblet, ciliated, concentration, squamous, macrophage, neutrophil, surfactant, muscle, erythrocyte
Name the type of nuclear division that occurs in a plant meristem.
mitosis mitotic
State one way in which the products of meiosis are different from the products of nuclear division in meristematic tissue.
in meiosis (cells produced are) not genetically identical ; one set of chromosomes / haploid ; (they are) gametes ; four cells produced ;
Name the type of nuclear division that produces two genetically identical nuclei.
mitosis mitotic division
During interphase the genetic material is copied.State two other processes that occur during interphase.
1 checking, genetic material / DNA / chromatin /
chromosome(s) / genes, (for errors) ;
2 protein synthesis ;
3 synthesis / replication / increase in number of,
organelles / named organelle ;
4 ATP production / respiration ;
5 cell growth / increase in cell, volume / size ;
Suggest two ways thatcell division in plants differs from cell division in animals.
in plant (cell), plate / wall, forms (between new cells) ; idea of : cytokinesis starts from middle of cell ; (only) occurs in meristem ; no centrioles ;
Name the process in which a cell becomes specialised.
differentiation
Neutrophils are phagocytic blood cells that can engulf and digest foreign cells found in the blood.Describe how the ultrastructure of a neutrophil is specialised to enable it to perform this function.
1 (many) lysosomes / vesicles containing enzymes ;
2 (many) microfilaments / microtubules
OR
ref to, extensive / well developed, cytoskeleton ;
3 (many) ribosomes / (a lot of) rough endoplasmic
reticulum / (a lot of ) RER ;
4 (many) mitochondria ;
5 (lots of) Golgi ;
6 (many) receptor (sites) on, cell surface / plasma ,
membrane
QWC
lysosome(s), ribosome(s), rough endoplasmic reticulum,
mitochondria / mitochondrion, Golgi/golgi,
microfilaments/microtubules / cytoskeleton,
cell surface membrane / plasma membrane.
Outline the process of budding in yeast.
nucleus divides / mitosis ;
idea of :
cell, swells on one side / bulges ;
nucleus / cytoplasm / organelles, move into,
bud / bulge ;
pinches off / cell wall forms, (so bud becomes
a separate cell) ;
Explain what is meant by the term tissue.
collection / group, of cells (of one or more types) ; (cells), working together OR with, common / same, function ;
Name one type of epithelial tissue found in the lungs.
squamous / ciliated ;
Explain why the lungs can be considered to be an organ.
(organ is) a collection of tissues / named tissues ;
(working together) to enable gas exchange / AW ;
State what is meant by the term stem cell .
a cell that is, unspecialised / not differentiated ;
capable of, division / mitosis ;
able to, differentiate / specialise / become other cell types ;
State three reasons why mitosis is important to organisms.
growth (of tissue / organism) ;
replace (cells) / repair (tissues) ;
asexual reproduction/cloning / producing genetically identical
cells ;
maintain chromosome number in all cells ;
Suggest two advantages, other than an increased probability of survival, of using umbilical cord blood stem cells instead of bone marrow stem cells in transplant procedures.
1 greater availability of cord cells / more likely to find
donors;
2 easier to harvest / no pain for donor ;
3 cells at earlier stage of development ;
4 can be stored for future, use/repair / gene therapy, of
donor ;
5 slightly mismatched cord cells work (almost) as well as
marrow cells ;
