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BIOC 2300 > nucleic acids: the central dogma > Flashcards

nucleic acids: the central dogma Flashcards

1
Q

The complementary nature of DNA is the basis of what?

A

LIFE

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2
Q

The central dogma goes like?

A

DNA—>RNA—->Protein

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3
Q

What is DNA?

A

two strands of nucleotide polymer
base sugar and phosphodiester linkage
runs antiparallel
has polarity and is directional

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4
Q

what pairing has a stronger interaction? C&G or A&T

A

C&G

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5
Q

what charge is the exterior of DNA?

Is the interior hydrophilic?

A

negative due to the phosphate groups causing it to be polar

NO! hydrophobic

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6
Q

What stabilizes DNA?

A

hydrogen bonds, Mg2+ bound to phosphate backbone, and the hydrophobic effect

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7
Q

what happens if DNA is cooled quickly?

A

the base pairs will pair incorrectly

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8
Q

Is denaturation permanent?

A

No, renaturation can occur with slow cooling.

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9
Q

What happens if there is a single base pair mismatch?

A

the DNA cannot become double stranded again. under the correct conditions oligonucleotides can be synthesized

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10
Q

What is the basic structural unit of chromatin?

A

nucleosome

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11
Q

What is condensation due to?

A

basic histone proteins interacting with acidic DNA backbone

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12
Q

what charge do histones normally have?

A

positive

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13
Q

What regulates packing and gene expression?

A

histone modifications

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14
Q

What is a gene?

A

A basic unit of heredity

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15
Q

What percent of DNA is exons?

A

less than 2%

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16
Q

how many proteins coding genes are in the genome?

A

21,000

17
Q

What is necessary for DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase
template strand
4 dNTPs
primer

18
Q

what is released when each nucleotide is added to the growing strand?

A

a pyrophosphate group

19
Q

What replicates telomeres?

A

telomerase

if put in cells can create cancer cells

20
Q

Why do we have a finite life span?

A

finite number of times replication can occur

21
Q

What differentiates RNA and DNA?

A

RNA contains ribose sugar, 2’ hydroxyl group, uracil, tends to form complex secondary structures; single stranded can hybridize with itself or with DNA, some have catalytic activity

22
Q

what is mRNA?

A

messenger RNA, codes for proteins (only 5% of total cellular RNA)

23
Q

what is rRNA?

A

assist protein synthesis on ribosomes

24
Q

what is siRNA?

A

synthetic small interfering RNAs regulate expression by blocking mRNA translation or stability (therapeutic potential)

25
Q

what is miRNA?

A

micro interfering RNA, regulate gene expression by blocking mRNA translation or stability

26
Q

What is special about RNA polymerase?

A

no primer required.

initiates transcription at the 5’ end in the promotor region

27
Q

what is the template strand referred to in transcription?

A

the antisense strand

28
Q

The mRNA product from transcription gives what sequence?

A

the protein sequence–codons

29
Q

what are the three phases of transcription?

A

initiation, elongation, termination

30
Q

what is the difference between the mRNA transcript in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

in prokaryotes the transcript usually encodes several co-regulated genes with no introns, in euks it is only one gene.

31
Q

What modifications must be made after transcription in eukaryotes?

A
  1. additon of 5’ cap
  2. poly-A tail
  3. splicing
32
Q

What does translation accomplish and how?

A

Makes a protein from the mRNA.
uses ribosomes
tRNA carries the anticodons–Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase makes sure the correct tRNA binds to correct codon
amino acids dictated by the genetic code

33
Q

what is the genetic code?

A 
20 amino acids specified by 3 base codons 
it is degenerate
AUG = start codon 
universal
unambiguous 
non-overlapping 
"comma-less"--no interruption
34
Q

What does differential gene expression in eukaryotes allow for?

A

it allows cells and tissues to adapt to the environment

35
Q

What two types of genes are there?

A

constitutive: “house keeping”
regulated: have to be turned on and off

36
Q

what is dominant control point for gene regulation?

A

initiation

37
Q

what often coordinates gene regulation with other cellular events?

A

signalling pathways

BIOC 2300 (13 decks)

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