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Molecular Diagnostics > Nucleic Acids And Proteins > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids And Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleotides

A

A unit of nucleic acid comprising a phosphorylated ribose sugar and a nitrogen base.

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2
Q

Purines

A

Nitrogen bases with a double-ring structure.

Adenine and Guanine.

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3
Q

Hybridization

A

In nucleic acids, the formation of hydrogen bonds between complementary strands of DNA or RNA.

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4
Q

Okazaki Fragments

A

Intermediate products of DNA synthesis on the lagging strand.

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5
Q

Nick Translation

A

Addition of labeled nucleotides at nicks (single-strand breaks) in DNA.

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6
Q

Restriction Enzyme

A

An endonuclease isolated from bacteria that will break single- or double-stranded nucleic acids at specific sequences.

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7
Q

Ribosome

A

Complex of RNA and proteins that catalyze formation of peptide bonds.

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8
Q

Adenine

A

One of the common nitrogen bases in DNA and RNA.

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9
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Nitrogen bases with a single-ring structure. Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil.

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10
Q

Template

A

A region of single-stranded nucleic acid used as a guide for replication or synthesis of a complementary strand.

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11
Q

Primer

A

A short, single-stranded DNA fragment designed to primer synthesis of a specific DNA region.

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12
Q

Ligase

A

An enzyme that forms one phosphodiester bond connecting two preexisting fragments of DNA.

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13
Q

Overhangs

A

Stretch of unpaired nucleotides in the end of a DNA molecule.

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14
Q

Deoxyribose

A

Ribose without a hydroxyl group (OH) on the carbon in the 2 position on the sugar ring.

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15
Q

Cytosine

A

One of the common nitrogen bases in DNA and RNA.

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16
Q

Complementary

A

The order of two anti parallel single-stranded nucleic acids such that A on one strand is always across from T on the other strand, and C is always across from G.

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17
Q

Semi-conservative

A

A term used to describe DNA replication where one strand is conserved and serves as a template for a new strand, resulting in a new double helix comprising one parent and one daughter strand.

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18
Q

Holoenzyme

A

A multisubunit protein with enzymatic function.

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19
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein that acts as a biological catalyst.

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20
Q

Endonuclease

A

An enzyme that separates DNA or RNA by cutting within the linear molecule.

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21
Q

Sticky ends

A

An end of DNA double helix at which a few unpaired nucleotides of one strand extend beyond the other, can hybridize with a complementary strand.

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22
Q

Oligonucleotide

A

Short fragments of DNA or RNA.

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23
Q

Guanine

A

One of the common nitrogen bases in DNA and RNA.

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24
Q

Mismatches

A

When an incorrect base was added.

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25
Q

Replication fork

A

DNA undergoing replication can be observed as a forked structure.

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26
Q

Exonuclease

A

An enzyme that removes nucleotides from DNA or RNA from either end of the linear molecule.

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27
Q

Helicase

A

An enzyme that untangles DNA by cutting and ligating one of both strands of the double helix for DNA replication.

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28
Q

Promoter

A

DNA sequences that bind RNA polymerase and associated factors.

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29
Q

rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA. Ribonucleic acid that serves as a structural and functional component of ribosomes.

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30
Q

Thymine

A

One of the common nitrogen bases in DNA and RNA.

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31
Q

Antiparallel

A

Two complementary single-stranded nucleic acids oriented so that when hydrogen-bonded together through complementary bases, the 5’ end of one molecule is next to the 3’ end of the other.

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32
Q

Proofread

A

A correction function of the DNA polymerase complex that repairs errors committed during DNA replication.

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33
Q

Hairpin

A

A fold in DNA or RNA that forms a short double strand along the single strand.

34
Q

Transcription

A

Template-guided synthesis of RNA by RNA polymerase.

35
Q

MRNA

A

Messenger RNA. Ribonucleic acid that carries information from DNA in the cell nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

36
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Material in cell excluding the cell nucleus.

37
Q

Ribose

A

A 5 carbon sugar

38
Q

Poly A

A

RNA polymerase that adds adenine nucleotides to the 3’ end of mRNA. The resulting polyA tail is important for mRNA stability and translation into protein.

39
Q

Open Reading Frame

A

DNA section marked with start and end codons.

40
Q

Peptide Bond

A

Covalent carbon-nitrogen bonds that connect amino acids in proteins.

41
Q

Beta Pleated Sheets

A

Part of the common motif of the regular protein secondary structure. Beta sheets consist of beta strands (β-strands) connected laterally by at least two or three backbone hydrogen bonds, forming a generally twisted, pleated sheet. A β-strand is a stretch of polypeptide chain typically 3 to 10 amino acids long with backbone in an extended conformation.

42
Q

Cis Factors

A

Binding sites for one or more trans-acting factors on RNA involved in the initiation and control of RNA synthesis.

43
Q

Trans Factors

A

Proteins that bind to cis factors and direct the assembly of transcription.

44
Q

RNA Dependent RNA Polymerases

A

Enzymes that synthesizes RNA using RNA as a template.

45
Q

Cap

A

7-methyl G 5’ppp 5’ G/A covalently attached to the 5’ end of messenger RNA

46
Q

Polypeptide

A

Protein

47
Q

Codon

A

A three nucleotide sequence that will guide the insertion of a specific amino acid into protein.

48
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Enzyme to catalyze DNA replication.

49
Q

Introns

A

Sequences in DNA that interrupt coding sequences.

50
Q

miRNA

A

MicroRNA. Regulatory RNAs, 17-27 nucleotides in length, derived from RNA hairpin structures, control gene expression by pairing with imperfectly complementary sequences in mRNAs to inhibit translation.

51
Q

Proteome

A

All of the proteins that make up a cell.

52
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

An enzyme that catalyzes the template-dependent formation of phosphodiester bonds between ribonucleotides forming ribonucleic acid.

53
Q

Mutation

A

A change in the order or sequence of nucleotides in DNA found in less than 1% to 2% of a given population.

54
Q

Exons

A

Sequences of DNA that code for protein.

55
Q

Gene

A

An order or sequence of nucleotides on a chromosome that contain all of the genetic information to make a functional protein or RNA product.

56
Q

Alpha Helices

A

Secondary structure of proteins. Ribbon like structure composed of chains of amino acids hydrogen bonded through their side chains.

57
Q

P Site

A

Peptidyl site, location of charged tRNA binding in the ribosome complex. Second binding step for tRNA. Holds a tRNA carries the growing polypeptide chain. Moves to E site next.

58
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA. Adaptors that link codons in messenger RNA with amino acids.

59
Q

Peptidyl Transferase

A

Ribosome that catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond.

60
Q

Splicing

A

Removal of intron sequences from mRNA.

61
Q

Domains

A

A functional part of the protein.

62
Q

Oligomers

A

A short sequence of amino acids.

63
Q

A Site

A

Location of incoming charged tRNA binding in the ribosome complex for acceptance of the growing peptide. First step.

64
Q

Peptide

A

Polymer of a few amino acids.

65
Q

Phosphodiester Bonds

A

Covalent attachment of the hydroxyl oxygen of one phosphorylated ribose sugar to the phospate phosphorous of the next.

66
Q

Hydroxyl Group

A

OH

67
Q

Nucleoside

A

A nitrogen base bound to an unphosphorated sugar. Adenosine, Guanosine, Cytidine, and Thymidine.

68
Q

Denaturing Agents

A

Formamide or Urea. Displace hydrogen bonds and seperate the two strands of the helix.

69
Q

Sugar-phosphate Backbone

A

5 carbon sugar and phosphate chain that connects to the nucleic acids.

70
Q

Terminal Tranferase

A

A type of DNA polymerase that can synthesize polynucleotide chains without a template.

71
Q

Methyltransferases

A

Catalyze the addition of methyl groups to nitrogen bases, usually adenines and cytosines.

72
Q

Recombination

A

The mixture and assembly of new genetic combinations.

73
Q

Recombinant Molecule

A

One that holds a new combination of DNA sequences

74
Q

Transduction

A

Transfer of genetic information from one cell to another through a viral intermediate.

75
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Virus that infects bacteria.

76
Q

Transformation

A

Transfer of genetic information among cells without physical association, such that a new phenotype is produced in the recipient cells.

77
Q

Protease

A

An enzyme that degrades protein.

78
Q

Ribonuclease

A

An enzyme that degrades RNA.

79
Q

Gene Expression

A

Production of RNA and protein using a DNA template.

80
Q

Ribosomal RNA

A

rRNA.

Molecular Diagnostics (20 decks)

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