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Biochemistry > Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

_______ are a linear polymer of nucleotides that function in the storage and expression of genetic information and its transfer from generation to the next

A
  • nucleic acids
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2
Q

The two types of nucleic acids

A
  1. ribonucleic acids (RNA)

2. deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA)

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3
Q

DNA and RNA are ____________ chains

A
  • polymeric chains
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4
Q

DNA/RNA polymers consist of monomer units held together by _____________ bonds

A
  • covalent hydrogen
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5
Q

RNA contains the sugar _________

A
  • ribose
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6
Q

DNA contains the sugar __________

A
  • 2’-deoxyribose
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7
Q

The connection between monomer units is through a __________ group

A
  • phosphate
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8
Q

The link between the two monomers/nucleotides is known as a _________________

A
  • phosphodiester link/bond
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9
Q

The actual functional unit on a DNA/RNA molecule is the _____________

A
  • heteropolymers, or nitrogenous bases
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10
Q

Two categories of heterolytic/nitrogenous bases

A
  1. purines

2. pyrimidines

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11
Q

____ contains the bases A, G, C, T

A
  • DNA
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12
Q

____ contains the bases A, G, C, U

A
  • RNA
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13
Q

adenine and guanine are ____________ (purines/pyrimidines)

A
  • purines
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14
Q

cytosine, thymine, and uracil are ___________ (purines/pyrimidines)

A
  • pyrimidines
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15
Q

The molecular components of nucleotides consist of __________, ________ and ______

A
  • Nitrogenous bases
  • Pentose Sugar
  • Phosphate
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16
Q

RNA contains a different sugar from DNA, so its predominant form is a ______ strand that can intertwine or _____ to make secondary and primary structures

A
  • single

- fold

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17
Q

DNA is made in a predominantly ________ form in antiparallel complementary strands.

A
  • double helix
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18
Q

The inside portion of DNA has ________ (hydrophylic/hydrophobic) regions

A
  • hydrophobic (nonpolar) regions
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19
Q

The exterior portion of DNA has ________ (hydrophylic/hydrophobic) regions

A
  • hydrophylic (negative) regions
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20
Q

The function of DNA

A
  1. store genetic information and use it to build diff types of proteins
  2. to pass the genetic information to offspring
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21
Q

The function of RNA

A
  1. to transcribe the info in DNA to a form that can be understood and read by the cell
  2. to form proteins in ribosomes (protein synthesis)
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22
Q

On RNA, or ribose sugar the ___ carbon contains a ______ (hydrogen/hydroxyl) group

A
  • 2’

- hydroxyl

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23
Q

On DNA, or deoxyribose sugar the ___ carbon contains a ______ (hydrogen/hydroxyl) group

A
  • 2’

- hydrogen

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24
Q

The lack of the _____ group on the DNA sugar makes it more stable due to its resistance of hydrolysis

A
  • hydroxyl
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25
Q

Nucleic acids have monomers/nucleotides linked together by bonds known as ___________ linkages

A
  • 3’ -> 5’ phosphodiester
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26
Q

Nucleic acids backbone consists of _________, but do not include _____

A
  • repeating sugar, phosphate units

- bases

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27
Q

The bases are attached to carbon __ of each sugar molecule and unlike the backbone which remains constant and unchanged, _____ from nucleotide to nucleotide

A
  • 1’

- varies

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28
Q

Purines structures are _______

A
  • 2 fused rings
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29
Q

Pyrimidine structures are ______

A
  • a single ring
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30
Q

In DNA the pyrimidines are:

A
  • cytosine and thymine
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31
Q

In RNA the pyrimidines are:

A
  • cytosine and uracil
32
Q

The function of nitrogenous bases

A
  • to form the double helix bond

- vary from nucleotide to nucleotide, thus are responsible for determining the genetic code

33
Q

A _______ is a linear polymer of monomers called nucleotides

A
  • nucleic acid
34
Q

A _____ consists of a sugar molecule and a base

A
  • nucleoside
35
Q

A nucleoside is a sugar molecule attached by a ________ bond to a base

A
  • B-glycosidic bond
36
Q

Adenosine, Guanosine ,Cytidine, and Uridine are the _______ (nucleotides/nucleosides) in _____ (DNA/RNA)

A
  • nucleosides

- RNA

37
Q

Deoxyadenosine, Deoxyguanosine ,Deoxycytidine, and Thymidine are the _______ (nucleotides/nucleosides) in _____ (DNA/RNA)

A
  • nucleosides

- DNA

38
Q

A ______ contains a sugar molecule, base and at least one phosphate group attached to the __ carbon

A
  • nucleotide
    (a nucleoside with a phosphate group)
  • 5’
39
Q

Deoxyadenylate, Deoxyguanylate ,Deoxycytidylate, and Thymidylate are the _______ (nucleotides/nucleosides) in _____ (DNA/RNA)

A
  • nucleotides

- DNA

40
Q

Adenylate, Guanylate ,Cytidylate, and Uridylate are the _______ (nucleotides/nucleosides) in _____ (DNA/RNA)

A
  • nucleotides

- RNA

41
Q

DNA molecules are written in the _______ direction.

A
  • 5’ to 3’
42
Q

The 5’ end of a DNA molecule has a ______ group and the 3 end of a DNA molecule has a ______ group

A
  • phosphate group

- hydroxyl (-OH)

43
Q

Complementary DNA bonds between A,G,C,T, U

A

A=T, or U

C=G

44
Q

The base group lies ____ the plane of the sugar group

45
Q

Rotation about the glycosidic bond results in syn and anti configurations where ____ configuration is favored

46
Q

______ do not form syn configurations due to steric hinderance

A
  • pyrmidines
47
Q

____ is a phosphate acceptor/donor in intermediary energy metabolism

48
Q

____ promotes protein synthesis and signal transduction

49
Q

____ promotes membrane and storage lipid synthesis

50
Q

____ promotes carbohydrate synthesis and degredation

51
Q

Central Dogma of molecular biology

A

DNA(replication DNA->DNA)——-(transcription)–>RNA—–(translation)—->proteins—–(expression)—->traits

52
Q

________ showed that DNA transferred from a virus to bacterium contains sufficient information to direct the synthesis of new viruses.

A
  • Hershey and Chase
53
Q

_______ Analyzed the Composition of DNA from Several Species

A
  • Erwin Chargaff
54
Q

Chargaffs rules

A
  1. The base composition of DNA varies from one species to the next.
  2. DNA specimens from different tissues of the same organism have the same base composition.
  3. The base composition of DNA in a given species does not change with age, nutritional state, or environment.
    In all cellular DNA molecules . . .
  4. [A] = [T] and [G] = [C]
55
Q

______ Propose a New Model for DNA Structure

A
  • Watson and Crick
56
Q

_____ fiber diffraction pattern of DNA

A
  • Rosalind Franklin’s
57
Q

Double helix is ______ nm in diameter.

58
Q

The double helix forms major and minor _____

59
Q

Helices are ______ in the way they turn.

It makes one complete turn every ___ nm.

A
  • right hand (turn clockwise from each end)

- 3.4 nm

60
Q

Functions of the major groove in DNA

A
  1. Recognition sites for several transcription initiation factors.
  2. Specific domains of initiation factors lie in major groove.
  3. Promote separation of DNA strands.
61
Q

Functions of the minor groove in DNA

A
  1. Often bind smaller (non-protein) ligands which then can have several effects:
    - Inhibits some cancers.
    - Inhibits topoisomerases.
    - Antimicrobial activity.
62
Q

4 Stabilizing forces in DNA

A
  1. Hydrogen Bonds between base pairs
  2. Hydrophobic interactiosn between bases and water
  3. Van der Waals Forces
  4. Electrostatic Interactions
63
Q

There are ___ hydrogen bonds between AT pairs and ____ hydrogen bonds between CG pairs

A
  • two

- three

64
Q

___ pairs separate easier than __ pairs

65
Q

In _____ CG rich regions rotate about the glycosidic bond and take syn orientation. Since C bases cant form syn the H bonds hold and create a loop in the backbone.

66
Q

_______ DNA is a cross like DNA structure that form when DNA contains a palindrome

A
  • cruciform, or double hairpin
67
Q

A _____ is a base sequence in DNA that provides the same information when read in either the forward or reverse directions.

A
  • palindrome (inverted repeats)
68
Q

______ DNA is when the DNA and associated protein coil upon itself several times (beyond the normal helix structure).

A
  • supercoiled DNA
69
Q

Function of supercoiled DNA

A
  1. Compacts DNA to occupy less space.
  2. Inaccessible: i.e. prevents replication & transcription.
  3. Protects DNA when not being replicated or transcribed
70
Q

Four main types of RNA’s

A
  1. tRNA (transfer)
  2. mRNA (messenger)
  3. rRNA (ribosomal)
  4. snRNA (small nuclear)
71
Q

Function of tRNA

A
  • translation (protein synthesis)
  • Carry (transfer) amino acids to ribosome for assembly into polypeptides
  • Often described as an “adaptor molecule”.
72
Q

Function of rRNA

A
  • structural elements of ribosomes consisting of about 60% of RNA
73
Q

A _____, or DNA, is the total genetic information possessed by an individual organism

74
Q

A _______, or RNA, is the complete set of RNA molecules produced by a cell, tissue, or organism under specific physiological conditions

A
  • Transcriptome
75
Q

A ________, or protein, is the complete set of protein molecules produced by a cell, tissue, or organism under specific physiological conditions

76
Q

A ______ or metabolites and macromolecules, is the complete set of organic metabolites (sugars, lipids, amino acids) and macromolecules produced by a cell, tissue, or organism under specific physiological conditions

A
  • metabolome

Biochemistry (15 decks)

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