Exam 1 Flashcards
(48 cards)
The structure of many macromolecules are made up of thousands of atoms held together by _____
- covalent bonds
Noncovalent interactions
- bonds that allow for the conformational changes needed to form higher levels of organization
Two properties of water allow it go serve as the intra and extracellular medium
1) its tendency to form hydrogen bonds
2) its polarity
Substances that are readily able to dissolve in water are referred to as
- hydrophilic
Ionic compounds are highly _______ even though they tend to be solid in nature
- hydrophilic
Ions become ________ by oriented water molecules known as ________
- hydrated
- hydration shells
_________ molecules show only limited solubility in water
- hydrophobic
Hydrophobic molecules do not form hydration shells with water. They form _____
- clathrates
Hydrophobic molecules form clathrates which causes a _________(dec/inc) in __________ which is unfavorable
- decrease
- entropy
When hydrophobic molecules aggregate to release some water molecules from the clathrate and increase energy this is known as the _________
- hydrophobic effect
If a molecule exhibits both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties its referred to as _______
- amphipathic
Amphipathic molecules have a head group that is _______ and a tail that is ________(usually a hydrocarbon)
- highly hydrophilic
- highly hydrophobic
Acids are proton ______ and bases are proton ________
- donors
- acceptors
_______ can act as a weak acid and weak base
- water
When water ionizes one water molecule can transfer a proton to another water molecule to yield a ___________ and a __________
- hydronium ion
- hydroxide ion
Kw, or the ion product of water is equal to
10^-14
If a solution has a high H+ it has a _______ pH and is a _________ solution
- lower pH
- acidic solution
A solution containing low H+ must have a _________ -OH with a ______ pH and is a ______ solution
- high
- high
- basic
The physiological pH range is ______
6.5-8
Some acids are able to lose one or more proton these are called _______
- polyprotic acids
A larger Ka value is indicative of a _______
- stronger acid
Pka formula
pKa=-logKa
A small pKa is indicative of a _______ acid and a large pKa is indicative of a ________ acid
- stronger
- weaker
Henderson-Hasselbach formula
pH=pKa + log(A-/HA)
