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AS Biology > Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where do autotrophs get their energy from?

A

Light

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2
Q

What do organisms store energy in?

A

Lipids and carbohydrates

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3
Q

What does ATP break down into?

A

ADP

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4
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate.

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5
Q

Where do heterotrophic organisms get their energy from?

A

Food

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6
Q

What does ADP stand for?

A

Adenosine diphosphate

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7
Q

What is removed from ATP to form ADP?

A

A phosphate group

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8
Q

When ATP is converted into ADP, what does the removed phosphate group bond to?

A

Water

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9
Q

What is it that releases the energy in an ATP reaction?

A

When the phosphate group bonds to water

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10
Q

What is the enzyme for ATP?

A

ATPase

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11
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

The addition of phosphate to ADP

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12
Q

What type of a reaction is phosphorylation?

A

Endergonic, energy is used

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13
Q

What type of reaction is the hydrolysis of ATP?

A

Exergonic, energy is released

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14
Q

State 5 roles of ATP.

A

Metabolic processes, active transport, movement, nerve transmission, secretion

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15
Q

State four advantages of using ATP as an energy source.

A

Single reaction that releases energy immediately, only one enzyme needed, releases energy in small amounts when and where it is needed, common source of energy for different reactions.

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16
Q

What are the three parts of a DNA molecule?

A

Phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base

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17
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases?

A

Adenine thymine guanine cytosine

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18
Q

What reaction links the nucleotides together to form DNA?

A

Condensation reaction

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19
Q

What shape does a DNA molecule have?

A

Double helix

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20
Q

What is the backbone of the DNA molecule made from?

A

Sugar phosphate

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21
Q

What are the two purine bases?

A

Adenine and guanine

22
Q

What are the 2 pyridimine bases?

A

Thymine and cytosine

23
Q

What pairs do the bases go in?

A

Adenine and thymine, guanine and cytosine

24
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are here between guanine and cytosine?

A

3

25
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are there between adenine and thymine?

A

2

26
Q

What is a polynucleotide?

A

A molecule containing many nucleotides

27
Q

What does anti parallel mean?

A

Parallel, but facing in opposite directions

28
Q

State four ways DNA is suited to its function.

A

Stable molecule (info content passes unchanged through generations), large molecule (carries large amounts of info), two strands able to separate (as they are held together by hydrogen bonds), genetic info protected (because bases are inside the sugar phosphate backbone

29
Q

What is RNA made up of?

A

Pentose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

30
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases in RNA?

A

Adenine uracil guanine cytosine

31
Q

What are the three types of RNA involved in protein synthesis?

A 
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
32
Q

What is the longer molecule, DNA or RNA?

A

DNA

33
Q

Describe how DNA is replicated.

A

Two strand split by enzyme breaking h bonds, each strand acts as template for new strand to be made, enzyme attaches free nucleotides from diet to exposed bases and joins new nucleotides to growing strand by a condensation reaction.

34
Q

What are the 3 theories for DNA replication?

A

Semi-conservative, conservative, dispersive

35
Q

Describe semi-conservative replication.

A

Parental double helix separates into two strands, each of which acts as a template for synthesis of a new strand.

36
Q

Describe conservative replication.

A

When the parental double helix remains intact, and a whole new double helix is made.

37
Q

Describe dispersive replication.

A

Two new double he lives contain fragments of both strands of the parental double helix.

38
Q

What does meselson and stahl’s experiment prove?

A

Semi conservative replication

39
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA which codes for a protein.

40
Q

How many are needed in a sequence of bases are needed for one amino acid?

A

3

41
Q

How many possible codes are there?

A

64

42
Q

What are the two stages of protein synthesis?

A

Transcription and translation

43
Q

Describe transcription.

A

DNA copied to make mRNA, mRNA then moves out of the nucleus and to a ribosome.

44
Q

Describe translation.

A

Code in mRNA used to build a protein, each triple codon codes for an amino acid or a stop codon, hounded together by peptide bonds, continues until a stop codon is reached.

45
Q

What bonds are between amino acids?

A

Peptide bonds

46
Q

What determines the sequence of amino acids?

A

The order of bases in the original DNA molecule

47
Q

What is the enzyme which breaks down the DNA in transcription?

A

Helicase

48
Q

What enzyme attaches nucleotides into pairs?

A

Polymerase

49
Q

What joins to the large ribosomal sub unit?

A

tRNA

50
Q

What joins to the smaller ribosomal sub unit?

A

mRNA

51
Q

What does a strand of amino acids form?

A

Protein

AS Biology (7 decks)

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