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AS Biology > Biochemistry and cell organisation > Flashcards

Biochemistry and cell organisation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is an inorganic molecule?

A

A molecule or ion that has no more than one carbon atom

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2
Q

What is a micronutrient?

A

A mineral that is needed in minute/trace concentrations

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3
Q

What is a macronutrient?

A

Minerals needed in small concentrations

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4
Q

What is a dipole?

A

A polar molecule, with a positive and a negative charge, separated by a very small distance

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5
Q

Describe a hydrolysis reaction.

A

When water is added to separate two or more molecules

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6
Q

Describe a condensation reaction.

A

When water is taken away to join two or more molecules

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7
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

Small, organic molecules that are the building blocks for larger carbohydrates.

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8
Q

How are the names of monosaccharides determined?

A

By how many carbon atoms are in the molecule

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9
Q

What is a disaccharide? How are they formed?

A

They are composed of two monosaccharide units bonded together with the formation of a glycosidic bind and the elimination of water.

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10
Q

What are polysaccharides and how are try formed?

A

Large, complex polymers formed from very large numbers of monosaccharide units, linked by glycosidic bonds.

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11
Q

How are polysaccharides linked?

A

Glycosidic bonds

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12
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Molecules with the same chemical formulae but a different arrangement of atoms

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13
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A single repeating unit of a polymer (a single molecule)

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14
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A large molecule comprising repeated units of monomers bonded together

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15
Q

What is a glycosidic bond held together by?

A

An oxygen atom

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16
Q

How is a saturated fatty acid tail different to an unsaturated fatty acid tail?

A

The saturated tail has all of its’ binds taken up, it is a straight zig zag, solid at room temp. Whereas unsaturated tails has double bonds and is a kinky chain, lipids don’t solidify so easily.

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17
Q

What does monounsaturated mean?

A

One double bond

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18
Q

What the primary structure?

A

The order of amino acids and the shape that this forms

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19
Q

Describe the secondary structure.

A

Folding of the polypeptide chains made of amino acids into alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

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20
Q

Describe the tertiary structure

A

Complex folding, protein given a globular shape

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21
Q

Describe the quaternary structure

A

Large proteins form complex molecules

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22
Q

In a biuret test, if protein is present, what is the colour change?

A

Blue to purple

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23
Q

How is a triglyceride formed?

A

Through the combination of a glycerol and 3 molecules of fatty acids. The fatty acids join via a condensation reaction.

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24
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

A large molecule made from many smaller ones

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25
Q

What is a diner?

A

Two of the same molecule linked together

26
Q

What elements do all lipids contain?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

27
Q

What element do SOME lipids contain?

A

Phosphorus

28
Q

What elements do carbohydrates contain?

A

Hydrogen, carbon, oxygen

29
Q

How many carbon atoms does a triode have? Pentode? Hexose?

A

3, 5, 6

30
Q

Which is the most common hexose sugar?

A

Glucose

31
Q

What formula do all hexose sugars have?

A

C6H12O6

32
Q

Apart from glucose, give two other example of hexose molecules.

A

Fructose, galactose.

33
Q

What two isomers can glucose exist as?

A

Alpha and beta

34
Q

What do glucose molecules bind together to form?

A

Polymers

35
Q

What do the properties of polymers formed from glucose depend on?

A

Which isomer is present, alpha or beta?

36
Q

Give three examples of disaccharides.

A

Sucrose, maltose, lactose

37
Q

By what reaction are two glucose molecules joined?

A

Condensation

38
Q

What are the monosaccharides in sucrose?

A

Fructose and glucose

39
Q

What are the monosaccharides in maltose?

A

Alpha glucose + alpha glucose

40
Q

What are the monosaccharides in lactose?

A

Glucose and galactose

41
Q

What is a reducing sugar?

A

Any sugarcoat has carbonyl group that can be oxidised to a carboxylate acid group

42
Q

How do you know if a Benedicts test is negative? What does this tell you?

A

The solution will remain blue, it tells you that there are no reducing sugars present and so you can now test for non reducing sugars

43
Q

Name a non-reducing sugar.

A

Sucrose

44
Q

Why is glucose stored as starch?

A

It is insoluble so has no osmotic effect, it cannot diffuse out of the cell, it is a compact molecule and can be stored in a small space, it carries a lot of energy

45
Q

What two substances is starch made up of?

A

Amylose and amylopectin

46
Q

How is amylose formed?

A

By condensation reactions between alpha glucose

47
Q

How is amylopectin formed?

A

From condensation reactions between alpha glucose molecules

48
Q

What is the test for starch?

A

Iodine changes colour from brown to blue/black

49
Q

Is the starch test quantitative or qualitative?

A

Qualitative

50
Q

Give three properties of starch

A

Compact and so can be stored in small spaces, easily broken down by enzymes to release sugar, insoluble and so does not affect the water potential of the cell and therefore does not cause the movement of large amounts of water

51
Q

What is glycogen the main storage polysaccharide in?

A

Animals

52
Q

Give two properties of glycogen

A

Compact and can be hydrolysed into the sugar residues

53
Q

Where is cellulose present?

A

In plant cell walls

54
Q

What makes cellulose so strong?

A

The fact that a glucose molecule needs to flip through 180 degrees to react

55
Q

How are cellulose molecules held together?

A

By hydrogen bonds

56
Q

What is chitin? What is it the main component of?

A

A structural polysaccharide and is the main component of fungal walls and the exoskeletons of insects

57
Q

What makes each of the 20 amino acids unique?

A

The R group in the general formula

58
Q

What is the process in which amino acids are linked together to form polypeptide chains?

A

Their order is directed by the order of nucleotides in DNA and mRNA

59
Q

What are linked together to form polypeptide chains?

A

Amino acids

60
Q

What is meant by essential amino acids?

A

The 10 acids that must be taken in with our diet

61
Q

Give 8 physical properties of water

A

Solvent, metabolite, high specific heat capacity, high latent heat of vaporisation, has cohesion, high surface tension, high density, transparent

62
Q

What is an organic molecule?

A

Molecules that have a high proportion of carbon atoms

AS Biology (7 decks)

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