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AS Biology > Cell organisation and structure > Flashcards

Cell organisation and structure Flashcards

1
Q

What does plasmid contain?

A

DNA

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2
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

To control what goes in and out of a cell

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3
Q

Define what an organ is.

A

Comprises several tissues working together, performing a specific function.

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4
Q

What is tissue made of?

A

Groups of cells

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5
Q

What two things do you need for microscope calibration?

A

Eye piece graticule

Stage micrometer

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6
Q

Define magnification.

A

How many times bigger the image is compared to the objects size in real life

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7
Q

Why do vesicles move towards the cell membrane?

A

So thing ms can get in and out if the cell

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8
Q

What are the three components of the nucleus?

A

Nuclear membrane
Nucleolus
Chromatin

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9
Q

What does pores within the membrane of a nucleus allow?

A

The passage of large molecules

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10
Q

What is the outer membrane of a nucleus continuous with?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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11
Q

What is the granular material in the nucleus called?

A

Nucleoplasm

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12
Q

What does the nucleoplasm contain?

A

Chromatin

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13
Q

What shape are mitochondria?

A

Cylindrical

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14
Q

The inner membrane of a mitochondria is folded inwards to form what?

A

Cristae

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15
Q

What is the chemical that your cell can use as fuel?

A

ATP

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16
Q

What is the matrix in a mitochondria?

A

A solution containing many compounds, lipids and proteins.

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17
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

To produce ATP in aerobic respiration

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18
Q

In what way is the SER structurally different to the RER?

A

It comprises membranes that lack ribosomes

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19
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum associated with?

A

The synthesis and transport of lipids

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20
Q

The ER is composed of fluid filled flattened sacs called…

A

Cisternae

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21
Q

What does the RER have that is different to the SER structurally?

A

Ribosomes

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22
Q

What is the function of the RER

A

To transport the proteins made in the ribosomes

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23
Q

Where are you likely to find a lot of SER?

A

In cells that store a large quantity of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.

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24
Q

In which type of cell are ribosomes smaller in, eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic

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25
Q

Where are ribosomes made?

A

In the nucleolus

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26
Q

What are ribosomes an important part of?

A

Protein synthesis

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27
Q

How is a Golgi body’s structure different to the ER?

A

It is more compact

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28
Q

State 4 functions of the Golgi body.

A 
Producing secretory enzymes packaged into secretory vesicles
Modifying/packaging proteins
Screwing carbohydrates
Transporting and storing lipids
Forming lysosomes
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29
Q

What is a glycoprotein?

A

Sugar and protium together

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30
Q

How are lysosomes formed?

A

By being pinched off from the Golgi body

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31
Q

What is the role of lysosomes?

A

To contain and isolate potentially harmful enzymes from the remainder of the cell. They release these enzymes when the cells needs to recycle out worn organelles.

32
Q

Why do lysosomes need to isolate potentially harmful enzymes?

A

Because these enzymes could digest the cell

33
Q

In which cell are ribosomes smaller in? Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic

34
Q

Where are centrioles located?

A

Just outside the nucleus

35
Q

What are centrioles made of?

A

Two rings of microtubules

36
Q

During cell division, what is the role of centrioles?

A

Organise the microtubules that make the spindle

37
Q

Where is the highest concentration of chloroplasts in a leaf? Why?

A

Palisade mesophyll

Here they will receive more light which is needed for photosynthesis

38
Q

How many membranes is a chloroplast surrounded by? What does this make up?

A

2

The chloroplast envelope

39
Q

What is a stroma?

A

The fluid filled space in a chloroplast

40
Q

What does the stroma in a chloroplast contain?

A

The products of photosynthesis, including starch grains and lipid droplets.

41
Q

Which plant cells contains no chloroplasts? Why?

A

Root cells, because they are underground and so will not receive any light for photosynthesis

42
Q

What type of ribosomes do chloroplasts contain?

A

70s

43
Q

What do the ribosomes and DNA in ribosomes allow them to do?

A

Make some of their own DNA and self replicate

44
Q

What are thylakoids? Where are they found?

A

Closed, flattens sacs in the stroma of a chloroplast.

45
Q

What is a granum?

A

A stack of thylakoids

46
Q

What is the advantage of having so many thylakoids?

A

Large surface area, efficient for trapping light energy

47
Q

What does the embosymbiotic theory describe?

A

The origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts

48
Q

What function did engulfed bacteria that became chloroplasts perform?

A

Turn carbon dioxide and water into glucose

49
Q

What do vacuoles contain?

A

Cell sap

50
Q

What does the cell sap in a vacuole contain?

A

Dissolved glucose, amino acids and minerals, vitamins and pigments

51
Q

What is the membrane around the vacuole called?

A

Tonoplast

52
Q

What is the difference between animal and plant cell vacuoles?

A

Plant - large, permanent, central and filled with cell sap.

Animal - small, temporary and scattered.

53
Q

What makes up the cell wall in plants?

A

Cellulose

54
Q

What are the three mane functions of cells walls in plants?

A

Transport
Mechanical strength
Communication between cells

55
Q

How does the cell wall help with transport?

A

Gaps in the fibres in the cell wall make the wall permeable to water, dissolved molecules and ions.

56
Q

Why is the cell wall mechanically strong?

A

The structure of the fibres make the cell wall very strong. When the vacuole is full it pushes against the cell wall, which resists.

57
Q

What does plasmodesmata do? What is this useful for?

A

It connects cells which is useful for communication between cells

58
Q

What are many plasmodesmata called?

A

One plasmodesmata

59
Q

What is an example of a prokaryote?

A

Bacteria

60
Q

Prokaryotes have no…

A

…membrane bound organelles.

61
Q

How is the infolding of the cell membrane beneficial for the cell?

A

Increased surface area

62
Q

What microscope can viruses be seen under?

A

Electron microscope

63
Q

What does acellular mean? Give an example of something that is acellular.

A

Not made of cells, eg viruses

64
Q

How do viruses multiply?

A

By invading a cell and taking over its metabolism and multiplying inside that host cell.

65
Q

Each virus is surrounded by a protein coat called the…

A

…capsid.

66
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The development of a cell into a different type

67
Q

Define cell.

A

Surrounded by a membrane, they are the building blocks of all life

68
Q

Define tissue.

A

Group of cells with the same structure and function working together

69
Q

What is the simplest form of epithelial tissue?

A

Cuboidal epithelium

70
Q

How thick is the tissue in cuboidal epithelial?

A

One cell thick

71
Q

How does columnar epithelial differ from cuboidal epithelial?

A

Elongated cells

72
Q

Describe squamous epithelial

A

Consist of flattened cells on a basement membrane. They form the walls of alveoli

73
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

74
Q

Why are skeletal muscles voluntary muscles?

A

Because you can consciously control contraction of these muscles

75
Q

What is the role of connective tissue?

A

Supports or separates tissues and organs

76
Q

What does connective tissue contain?

A

Elastic and collagen fibres in an extracellular fluid or matrix

77
Q

What does a chloroplast contain?

A

Chlorophyll

AS Biology (7 decks)

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