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AS Biology > Mitosis > Flashcards

Mitosis Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe prophase.

A

Chromosomes condense, visible, chromatids joined by centromere, centrioles move to opposite ends, form spindle fibres, nuclear envelope breaks down.

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2
Q

Apart from interphase, what is the longest stage of mitosis?

A

Prophase

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3
Q

Why are chromatids that are joined by the centromere called sister chromatids?

A

They have the same material

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4
Q

Describe metaphase.

A

Chromosomes line up along the middle of the spindle (equator), centromeres attach to spindle fibres at equator.

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5
Q

Describe anaphase.

A

Centromeres split, spindle fibres shorten, pulls 1 chromatid of each chromosome to opposite poles, ends when separated chromatids reach the poles and spindle fibres break down.

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6
Q

What forms the spindle fibres?

A

Centrioles

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7
Q

Describe telophase.

A

Chromosomes unravel and nuclear envelope reforms.

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8
Q

Describe cytokinesis.

A

Protein filaments inside membrane contract to divide cell into 2.

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9
Q

What are chromosomes made out of?

A

DNA and a type of protein allied histone

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10
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are there in a human?

A

23

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11
Q

What is a centromere?

A

Middle of chromosome, holds two chromatids together, point at which microtubules of spindle attach.

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12
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

One of two identical copies of a chromosome, joined at the centromere prior to cell division.

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13
Q

How many chromosomes does a diploid human cell have?

A

2

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14
Q

What does the term diploid mean?

A

Having two complete sets of chromosomes.

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15
Q

What is an organisms ploidy level?

A

The number of complete sets of chromosomes in an organism.

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16
Q

What does the term haploid mean?

A

Haploid cells contain HALF the diploid number of chromosomes

17
Q

What is a homologous pair of chromosomes?

A

Pairs of chromosomes that have the same genetic material.

18
Q

What are the 4 phases of the cell cycle?

A

Growth 1, synthesis, growth 2, mitosis.

19
Q

What happens in growth 1 of the cell cycle?

A

Cellular contents, excluding the chromosomes are duplicated.

20
Q

What is the order of the stages in mitosis?

A

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

21
Q

What phases of the cell cycle does interphase cover?

A

All 3 of them

22
Q

What happens in the synthesis phase of the cell cycle?

A

Each of the 46 chromosomes is duplicated by the cell.

23
Q

What happens in the growth 2 phase of the cell cycle?

A

The cell “double checks” the duplicates chromosomes for error, making any needed repairs.

24
Q

What is mitosis?

A

A type of cell division in which the two daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and are genetically identical with each other and the parent cell.

25
Q

What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?

A

Growth 1

26
Q

State 3 reasons why mitosis is important.

A

Genetic stability through identical copies, growth and repair of tissues and dead cells, asexual reproduction.

27
Q

What is an oncogene?

A

A gene with the potential to cause cancer

28
Q

How do oncogenes cause cancer?

A

They prevent cells from undergoing rapid cell death when critical functions are altered.

29
Q

How does cancer occur?

A

When some of the body’s cells multiply in an abnormal way

30
Q

What is metastasis?

A

When cancer spreads to other organs

31
Q

What the four types of mutation?

A

Tumour suppressor genes, protooncogenes, apoptosis, angiogenesis

32
Q

Describe tumour suppressor genes as a type of mutation.

A

Normal genes slow cell division (mitosis), if they mutate they fail to act as a brake.

33
Q

Describe protooncogenes as a type of mutation.

A

Clock genes which trigger cells to divide, mutation of oncogenes leads to rapid division, where proteins are produced fair in excess.

34
Q

Describe apotosis as a type of mutation.

A

Cell death by white blood cells (cell suicide) caused by lysosomes, mutation to a cell will stop the lysosomes from doing this, so cells will grow.

35
Q

Describe angiogenesis as a type of mutation.

A

Ability to form capillaries to supply blood to the growing and dividing cells.

AS Biology (7 decks)

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