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BIOCHEMISTRY LECTURE > NUCLEIC ACIDS > Flashcards

NUCLEIC ACIDS Flashcards

1
Q

isolated what he called nucleinfrom the nuclei of pus cells

A

Friedrich Miescher

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2
Q

The source of genetic information in chromosomes

A

nucleic acids

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3
Q

DNA is found in

A

Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts

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4
Q

Nucleotides have 3 parts

A

5-carbon sugar (pentose)
nitrogen containing base (CHN)
Phosphate group

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5
Q

double ringed structure

A

purine
(adenine and guanine)

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6
Q

single ring

A

pyramidine
(cytosine and thymine)

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7
Q

no O atom on carbon 2’.

A

DNA

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8
Q

Nucleoside=

A

Nucleoside= N base + 5-C sugar

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9
Q

nitrogen base linked by a glycosidic bond to C1’ of a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose).

A

nucleoside

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10
Q

named by changing the nitrogen base ending to
___ purines
____ pyramidines

A

-osine
-idine

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11
Q

−OH on C5’ of a sugar bonds to phosphoric acid

A

nucleotide

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12
Q

Nucleotide =

A

nucleoside + phosphate

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13
Q

a nucleoside that forms a phosphate ester with the C5’ –OH group of a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose).

A

nucleotide

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14
Q

Raw materials for DNA biosynthesis

A

dATP, dGTP, dCTP, dUTP

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15
Q

Raw materials for RNA biosynthesis

A

ATP, GTP, CTP, UTP

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16
Q

Secondary messengers in hormones action.

A

cAMP, cGMP

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17
Q

nucleotides are joined by

A

phosphodiester bonds

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18
Q

secondary structure of RNA

A

cloverleaf tRNA

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19
Q

What are the four loops in secondary structure

A

D loop
Anticodon loop
variable loop
T ¥ C

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20
Q

What are the four arms of secondary structure

A

amino acid arm
D arm
T¥ C arm

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21
Q

Arrange according to their percentage
tRNA
rRNA
mRNA

A

rRNA (75)
tRNA (10-15)
mRNA (5-10)

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22
Q

Ribosomes consists of
rRNA-
Proteins-

A

65
35

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23
Q

The base chain is written in the _____ direction

A

5–>3

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24
Q

A=T
G=C

what rule

A

chargaff’s rule

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25
Q

X-ray Diffraction Refined Structure

A

Franklin, Wilkins

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26
Q

Adenine is alwayslinked by ____ bonds with Thymine

A

two H bonds

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27
Q

Guanine is always linked by ____^hydrogen with Cytosine

A

three

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28
Q

proposed by Watson & Crick; standardDNA structure

A

right handed helix

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29
Q

atlow humidity,the DNA molecule will take the

A

A form

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30
Q

the minimum functional unit in DNA

A

gene

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31
Q

short coding sequences

A

exons

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32
Q

a longer intervening noncoding sequence

A

introns

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33
Q

Between replications, the DNA is stored in a compact ball called

wrapped around the protein called
to form

A

chromatin
histones
nucleosomes

34
Q

DNA & RNA specific absorption at max =

A

260 nm

35
Q

The more G-C content, the ___ Tm value.

A

higher

36
Q

Characteristics of DNA replication

A

semi conservative
bidirectional
semi-discontinuous synthesis

37
Q

each daughter duplex contains one strand from the parent duplex

A

semi conservative

38
Q

is first made as short chains

A

lagging strand (Okazaki fragments)

39
Q

precursors of DNA replication

A

dNTPs

40
Q

Unwinds DNAdouble helix

A

helicase

41
Q

Catalyzessynthesis of RNA primers

A

Primase

42
Q

Catalyzeschain elongation

A

DNA polymerase III

43
Q

Involvedin the excision of primers and filling up of gaps

A

DNA polymerase I

44
Q

Catalyzesthe formation of a phosphodiester linkage between a 3’hydroxyl at the end of one DNA strand and a 5’ phosphate at the end of another strand

A

DNA ligase

45
Q

replicates DNA only 5’ to 3’

A

DNA polymerase III

46
Q

one of the major post-replicative reactions.

A

methylation

47
Q

Site of methylation of eukaryotic DNA is always on

A

cytosine

48
Q

Transcription has 3 stages

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

49
Q

stretch of 6 nucleotides

A

Pribnow box

50
Q

a 2ndnucleotide sequence, TTGACA, located about 35 bases to the left of the transcription start site

A

-35 sequence

51
Q

the promoter region has been recognized by the

A

holoenzyme

52
Q

+ supercoil (ahead of the transcription site) –relaxed by

A

gyrase

53
Q

➢-supercoil (behind) –relaxed by

A

topoisomerase

54
Q

linkage of 7-methylguanosine to the 5’ terminal residue.

A

capping

55
Q

attachment of an adennylate polymer (poly A, 20~250 nucleotides) at the 3’ terminal.

A

tailing

56
Q

While the mRNA is still in the nucleus, the ___ are removed from the pre-RNA

A

introns

57
Q

Inprokaryotes(bacteria and archebacteria), transcription of proteins is regulated by an ___

A

operon

58
Q

consists of a control siteand the genes that produce mRNA for lactose enzymes

A

lactose operon

59
Q

When there is no lactose in the cell, a ____ produces a _____ protein prevents the synthesis of lactose enzymes

A

regulatory gene
repressor

60
Q

Translation Five Stages

A

Activation of amino acids
Initiation of translation
Elongation
Termination and ribosome recycling
Folding and post-translational processing

61
Q

Enzymatic synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA molecules

A

activation of amino acids

62
Q

Binding of mRNA and N-formylmethionineto ribosome

A

initiation of translation

63
Q

Binding of aminoacyl tRNAs to ribosome
formation of peptide bonds

A

elongation

64
Q

an adapter molecule, which recognizes an amino acid on one end and its corresponding codon on the other, is required for translation. This adapter molecule is

A

tRNA

65
Q

have self-checking functions to prevent incorrectly paired amino acyl tRNAs from forming.

A

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases

66
Q

a sequence of amino acids in a mRNA that determine the amino acid order for the protein.

A

genetic code

67
Q

3 stop codons

A

UUA
UAG
UGA

68
Q

There are how many triplets of amino acids

A

61

69
Q

First amino acid is

A

methionine

70
Q

The addition of a.a to the carboxyl end of the growing polypeptide chain.

A

elongation

71
Q

By each cycle the polypeptide has grown by one residue and consumed

A

two GTP

72
Q

Two types of mutation

A

point mutation
base deletion or insertion

73
Q

Changing a single nucleotide base on the m-RNA chain

A

point mutation

74
Q

The codon containing the changed base codes for the same amino acid

A

silent mutation

75
Q

The change results in a new different amino acid

A

missense

76
Q

The change leads to premature termination if the codon containing the changed base become a termination codon.

A

non-sense mutation

77
Q

Insertion or deletion of one or two bases will alter the reading frame and this cause extensive change in the translated protein

A

frame shift mutation

78
Q

What are the different mutagens?

A

radiation
chemical mutagens

79
Q

Disrupt DNA and RNA replication

A

nucleotide analogs

80
Q

Result in base-pair substitutions and missense mutations

A

nucleotide-altering chemicals

81
Q

Result in nonsense mutations

A

frameshift mutagens

BIOCHEMISTRY LECTURE (8 decks)

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