Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio Mod 2 > nucleic acid > Flashcards

nucleic acid Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nucleic acid : elements, monomer, function

A

CHONP , nucleotides, contains genetic information required for growth, reproduction, repair and protein manufacture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the timeline of DNA?

A

1869 - miescher found DNA contained HONP
1910 - levene found a contained sugar and phosphate which formed repeating units called nucleotides
1940 - chargraff suggested complimentary pairing of A=T and C-=G
1950 - Franklin and Wilkins formed the first picture of a double helix
1953 - Watson and Crick found arrangement of double helix and complementary pairing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are nucleotides the monomers to?

A

RNA ATP DNA nucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens when condensation reaction happens to nucleotides?

A

Phosphodiester bonds are formed and found between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the pinto sugar of another forming a sugar phosphate backbone to the polynucleotide chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the similarities between RNA and DNA?

A

They both contain nitrogenous bases ACG
They both contain same phosphate group
They both contain Pentose sugars (5 ring)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the difference between a DNA and RNA

A

DNA contains two strands, nitrogenous base T and a deoxyribose sugar (C2 has a H)
RNA contains one strand, nitrogenous base U and ribose sugar (C2 has OH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

double helix structure - two polynucleotide chains that are anti-parallel from each other linked by hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases ATCG
Contains deoxyribose sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the structure of RNA?

A

Single helix - one polynucleotide chain containing ribose sugar and nitrogenous base U instead of T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is mean about the hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases?

A

There are two between AT and three between CG
purine always bonds to a pyrimidine
Hydrogen bonds make DNA very strong and stable structure which helps limit the number of mistakes/mutations in the genetic instructions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does three pro and five prime mean in the DNA structure?

A

The three prime polynucleotide chain is where the third carbon is at top (inverted)
The five prime polynucleotide chain is fifth carbon is on the top (non invited chain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the different ways RNA can be found?

A

mRNA tRNA rRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are there between A and T?

A

Two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are there between C and G

A

Three

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a phosphodiester bond?

A

2 Esther Bonds
1 between C3 from a Pentose sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of another nucleotide
Another between the phosphate group and C5 of the same nucleotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are purines?

A

Two carbon nitrogen rings
Adenine guanine
Larger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are pyrimidines?

A

One carbon nitrogen ring so are smaller
Cytosine thymine Uracil

17
Q

What is the structure of ATP?

A
  • Contains an adenosine (ribose and adenine)
  • And 1-3 phosphate groups
  • Each one added or removed by condensation or hydrolysis- (which releases lots of energy used for cellular processes like synthesis, transport and movement)
  • Produced by respiration in mitochondria
18
Q

Properties of ATP

A
  • small so can be moved easily
  • soluble so cells have aqueous environment
  • contains unstable bonds between phosphates = lots of energy released
  • as each bond is broken, energy is released in small quantities so this is more efficient as there is minimal waste as heat
  • easily regenerated = renewable energy
19
Q

What does the enzyme DNA helicase do

A

Unwinds the double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary nitrogenous base pairs

20
Q

What is a gene

A

Part of dna, A code for a specific protein

21
Q

How many possible amino acids could there be and how many are there actually

A

4x4x4=64 actually 20

22
Q

Why is an advantage to have less possible amino acids (degenerate)

A

Possible mutation may result in the same amino acid therefore there will be no effect on the protein formed

23
Q

What do we know about genetic code

A
  • It is universal, same 4 nucleotide bases and codons for all organisms, ( with some exceptions) but organisms differ due to the different arrangement of the bases
  • They are degenerate and
  • they are non overlapping
24
Q

Give an example to show how the genetic code is degenerate

A

There are 6 codon options for leucine

25
Q

Why is code non overlapping

A

So each nucleotide is only part of one triplet codon

26
Q

what is DNA replication

A

1 parent double helix strand to 2 polynueleiotide stands to 2 identical daughter double helix stands (occurs in S phase of cycle)

27
Q

DNA replication in detail

A
  1. DNA uncoils and is unziped by the enzyme helicase which breaks the hydrogen bonds separating the 2 polynucleotide chains
  2. free nucleotides bind to the template strands, complementary base pairing occurs A=T C-=G, new hydrogen bonds are formed between the exposed bases on the template and nucleotides
  3. DNA polymerase (which only goes from 3’ to 5’) catalyses the formation of polydiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides, sealing the sugar phosphate backbone and forming two new polynucleotide chains attached to templates.
    On the leading strand, It stalks the helicase and connects all nucleotides but on the lagging strand it has to go the opposite direction due to the 3’ to 5’ rule so leaves gaps (called okazaki fragments) when trying catch up with helicase.
  4. ligase seals the gaps, completing the stand
  5. semi conservative replication has occurred,
    two identical strands are formed
28
Q

what are the roles of the enzyme in DNA replication

A

helicase - breaks the hydrogen bonds and splits double helix,
DNA polymerase - forms new phosphodiester bonds and links nucleotides to form a sugar phosphate backbone,
ligase - Seals the gaps (Okazaki fragments) DNA polymerase has made on the lagging strand

29
Q

When extracting DNA the mixture is placed in a water bath at 30 degrees what effect will this temperature have on the results

A

The temperature is too low the white precipitate of DNA might not form as the enzymes have not stopped working as they have not denatured this means enzymes breakdown the dna and less dna will be available to form precipitate

30
Q

how to purify DNA

A

break down mixture and add Detergent salt and distilled water incubate at a water bath at 60 degrees for 15 minutes then put in an ice bath to cool down philtre the mixture and transfer a sample into a boiling tube add protease and dribble some cold ethanol down the side of the mixture so it forms a layer on top of the dna leave the tube for a few minutes and remove any white precipitate of dna that has formed using a glass rod

31
Q

How would Meselson and Stahl cheque their results for validity

A

Had a negative control EG grown in a medium with no nitrogen

32
Q

What is the role of rRNA in protein synthesis

A

To catalyse the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids

33
Q

What is the method of which DNA replicates Itself

A

Semi conservative replication

34
Q

what is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis

A

It carries a complementary copy of a gene of DNA out of the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm and acts as a template for the tRNA

35
Q

how does a mutation in the gene affect the protein produced

A

amino acid sequence would change causing different folding of a protein which may cause the protein to not work or work the same

36
Q

What does degenerate code mean

A

Multiple codons are coded for the same amino acid

37
Q

What is ATP and how is it used for energy

A

It is the universal energy currency, A store of chemical potential energy, The molecule has to be hydrolyzed (bonds are broken) to release the chemical energy to be used in reactions.
A small amount of energy is used to break the bond but more is released

38
Q

why is ATP better than glucose for releasing of energy

A

As each phosphate breaks off energy is released slowly, This means no energy is wasted and is more efficient for Reactions in the body

39
Q
A

Bio Mod 2 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions