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carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

Carbohydrates: elements, monomer, function

A

CHO, monosaccharides e.g. glucose, provides energy

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2
Q

The difference between monomers and polymers and macromolecules

A

Monomers are small, simple molecules produced by hydrolysis
Polymers are a large chain molecule made of similar monomers bonded together formed by condensation reactions
Macro molecules are large complex molecules with a large molecular mass they can be made of similar or different molecules bonded together e.g. lipids

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3
Q

explain Hydrolysis

A

A water molecule is used to hydrolyse the specific chemical bond in the two monomers which produces two separated monomers

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4
Q

Definition of hydrolysis

A

Breakdown with the addition of water

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5
Q

Condensation

A

A chemical Bonding between two molecules which produces a water molecule that is lost from the two molecules

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6
Q

Where can you find the glycosidic bond?

A

It is the covalent bond in carbohydrates between 2 monosaccharides

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7
Q

Examples of monosaccharides (one sugar)
Fruits, vegetables, honey, and nuts

A

Hexose(6 carbons) - glucose galactose fructose
Pentose(5 carbons) - deoxyribose ribose

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8
Q

Examples of disaccharides (two sugar molecules linked by glycosidic bond)
Sugar and milk

A

Sucrose = glucose + fructose
lactose = glactose + glucose
Maltose = glucose + glucose

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9
Q

Examples of polysaccharides (many sugar molecules linked) rice, potatoes, corn wheat

A

Starch made of alpha glucose
Glycogen made of alpha glucose
Cellulose made of beta glucose

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10
Q

Starch

A
  • It is an energy storage molecule in plants, excess glucose from photosynthesis is stored as starch.
  • It is relatively big so it’s insoluble in water so it doesn’t interfere with osmotic potential of cells.
  • it contains a lot of chemical bonds which release lots of energy when broken
  • is made up of two polysaccharides Amylose and amylopectin
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11
Q

What is the difference between amylose and amylopectin?

A

Amylose is a long coiled chain forming a helix of alpha glucose linked by 1,4 glycosidic linkage
Amylopectin is a long branched chain of alpha glucose linked by 1,4 glycosidic linkage then 1,6 every 24 units
Combined, they give the appearance of a tightly wound molecule

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12
Q

Glycogen

A
  • Energy storage molecule in animal and fungi - excess glucose from digestion is stored as glycogen.
  • Insoluble in water so doesn’t interfere with osmotic potential of cells.
  • Contains lots of chemical bonds which release lots of energy when broken
  • more branches means it’s compact so more glucose molecules are readily available to meet respiratory demand of large complex organisms e.g. animals.
  • Consist of highly branched chains of alpha glucose with 1,6 acidic bond every 10 units.
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13
Q

Cellulose

A
  • Structural molecule in plant cell wall.
  • Insoluble in water so doesn’t interfere with osmotic potential of cell.
  • Consists of long chains of beta glucose , alternate molecules of beta glucose are inverted and bonded by glycosidic bonds.
  • Hydrogen bonds occur between separate straight chains of cellulose to form microfibrils that have high tensile strength.
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14
Q

What is the monomer?

A

A small simple molecule which is produced by hydrolysis of a polymer eg monosaccharide/ amino acids / nucleotides

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15
Q

What is polymer?

A

A large chain complex molecule made of similar monomers bonded together formed by condensation

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16
Q

Name the elements present in carbohydrates

A

Carbon hydrogen oxygen
(Cho) is wrong

17
Q

What is the molecular formula of a triose

A

C3H6O3

18
Q

Where is the Pentose sugar ribose found?

A

It is the sugar in RNA

19
Q

Where is the Pentose sugar deoxyribose found

A

It is the sugar in DNA

20
Q

Where is glucose found?

A

Throughout the body as a store and it is used for energy during respiration

21
Q

Where is fructose found?

A

And fruit and sweet food

22
Q

What are isomers?

A

Molecules with the same general formula but different structural formulas

23
Q

What is the general formula of a disaccharide?

A

Cn(H2O)n-1

24
Q

When the glycosidic bond is broken, which atoms would need to be replaced in order to produce complete monosaccharides?

A

O H2

25
Q

What does the prefix glyco mean?

A

Sugar

26
Q

How is fructose different from glucose? Although they are both hexose sugars?

A

Fructose has a five membered ring structure

27
Q

Name the bonds within a microfibril of cellulose

A

Hydrogen between chains , 1,4 glycosidic between every other beta glucose inverted

28
Q

What are the properties of cellular that make it perfect to be a plant cell wall

A

It’s insoluble
Has high tensile strength
Is flexible
Unreactive

29
Q

Are polysaccharide soluble?

A

They are insoluble

30
Q

Chitin (polysaccharide)

A

Beta glycosidic bonds
Contains N
Straight chains, no branching

31
Q

Name two type of monomers found in biological molecules

A

Carbohydrates, amino acids

32
Q

Name the number of carbon atoms in the disaccharide

A

12

33
Q

How to test for reducing sugars

A

Add Benedict Regent to the sample and heat in a water bath at 100° for less than 5 mins,
A positive result goes from blue to yellow/orange/red

34
Q

Why is forming long beta glucose chains with hydrogen bonds between the chains useful for cellulose

A

It allows cellulose molecules to form strong fibres or microfibrils which provide structural support for the cell wall

35
Q

What is the advantage and disadvantage of using amylose as a storage instead of amylopectin

A

It has a coiled structure so is more compact which allows more of it to be stored in a cell but it has no 1 to 6 bonds so it is broken down slower so the glucose is less readily available

Bio Mod 2 (10 decks)

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