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Bio Mod 2 > cells > Flashcards

cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of plasma membrane

A

Made of lipids and protein, Regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

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2
Q

Function of the cell wall

A

A rigid structure that surrounds plant cells Support plant cells and is made of the carbohydrates cellulose

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3
Q

Function of the nucleus

A

Controls the cells activities by controlling the transcription of DNA which contains instructions to make proteins

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4
Q

Function of the nucleolus

A

Makes ribosomes

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5
Q

Function of chromatin

A

Contains coils of DNA bound to proteins (histones). During cell division chromatin condenses to form the chromosomes.

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6
Q

Function of the nuclear pores

A

Allow substances, e.g. RNA, to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm to the ribosome for protein synthesis

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7
Q

Function of lysosomes

A

Around organelle surround by membrane Contains digestive enzymes and can digest invading cells or breakdown worn out components of the cell

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8
Q

How does the endosymbiosis theory (eukaryotes engulfed the prokaryotes but couldn’t digest them) explains why chloroplast and mitochondria (organelles in eukaryotes) have their own DNA?

A
  • Reproduction process (from existing cells) is similar to the one of bacteria (which is a prokaryote)
  • Similar sizes to bacteria
  • They all have their own protein synthesising machinery like bacteria which means They have their own ribosomes like bacteria (70s)
  • The genome resembles that of bacteria not the nucleus genome
  • it has circular DNA
  • it has double membrane
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9
Q

Function of Ribosome

A
  • Made of protein and rRNA
  • Floats or is attached to RER
  • The site where proteins are made
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10
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum
RER

A
  • An extensive network of flattened sac like membranes surrounding fluid (cisternae)
  • extends from the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm,
  • Folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes surrounding
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11
Q

Function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum SER

A
  • Syntheses and processes lipids
  • Found in eukaryotic cells
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12
Q

Vesicles

A

A small fluid filled sac in a membrane, Transport substances in and out of the cell and between organelles

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13
Q

Function of Golgi apparatus

A

Group of fluid filled membrane bound flattened sacs (cisternae), packages new lipids and proteins to produce secretary vesicles. It’s also makes lysosomes

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14
Q

Function of Mitochondrion

A

Rod shaped with a double membrane called Cristae and lamella (inner folded membrane to increase surface area where respiratory processes take place) and the matrix. Is The site of aerobic respiration so they generate atp (not produce)

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15
Q

Function of Chloroplast

A

Found in plant cells
Contains the grana membrane made of lipids and tightly packed pigment-proteins which catalyse photosynthesis

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16
Q

Function of centrioles

A
  • Self replicating Small hollow cylinders made of 9 bundles of microtubules,
  • Found in animal cells
  • Involved in the separation of chromosomes during cell division and Assembly of spindle fibres
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17
Q

Function of Cilia

A

Small hair like structures Found on the cell membrane of animal cells, Allow substances to move along the cell surface

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18
Q

Function of eukaryotic flagellum

A

Found in animal cells, 9 pairs + 2 Microtubules contract to make flagella move flagella are used like motors to propel cells forward

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19
Q

What are the Membrane bound organelles

A

RER
Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuole
Vesicle

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20
Q

Non-membrane bound

A

Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
Centrioles

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21
Q

Function of membranes within the cell

A
  • They separate areas from the rest of the cytoplasm
  • Provide a large surface area for attachments of enzymes for metabolic processes
  • Allow ATP synthesis in mitochondria and photosynthesis in chloroplast to take place on the membrane
  • Provide a transport system within the cell
  • maintain the specific conditions in each organelle different to cytoplasm
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22
Q

Why does the cell have many mitochondria?

A

A cell with many mitochondria must be very active to need a lot of ATP

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23
Q

Why is the cells plasma membrane folded into microvilli

A

It must be absorbing a lot of material to need increased surface area

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24
Q

Why would a cell have a lot of RER?

A

It must be synthesising a lot of proteins

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25
Q

A cell has a lot of mitochondria and microvilli (indents on cell surface to increase SA) What does this indicate?

A

It must be absorbing a lot of material by active transport which requires a lot of ATP

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26
Q

Cytoskeleton function

A
  • Is present in all eukaryotic cells
  • Holds organelles in place and controls movement of organelles through the skeleton eg vesicles
  • Contains microfilaments - contractile fibres made of actin responsible for cell movement and cell contraction during cytokinesis
  • Contains microtubules - made of the protein tubulin and form scaffold structures that determine cell shape and acts as tracks for movement of organelles. They also form spindle fibres to move chromatids during mitosis and meiosis.
  • maintains shape strength stability of cells
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27
Q

Production of insulin

A
  1. mRNA copy of the instructions (gene) for insulin is made in the nucleus
  2. mRNA leaves the nucleus through a nuclear pore
  3. Attaches to a ribosome which reads the instructions to assemble the protein (insulin)
  4. Insulin molecules are taken off in vesicles and travel towards the Golgi apparatus
  5. Vesicle fuses with Golgi apparatus
  6. Golgi apparatus processes and packages insulin molecules ready for release
  7. Packaged insulin molecules are taken off in vesicles from Golgi apparatus and moved towards cell surface membrane
  8. Vesicle fuses with cell surface membrane
  9. Cell surface membrane open to release insulin molecules outside
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28
Q

Production of protein

A
  1. The instructions to make the protein are in the DNA in the nucleus.
  2. The specific instruction to make the protein is known as the gene which is on a chromosome.
  3. The nucleus copies the instructions in the DNA into a molecule called mRNA.
  4. The mRNA leaves the nucleus through a nuclear pore and attaches to a ribosome possibly on the RER
  5. The ribosome reads the instructions and uses the code to assemble amino acids.
  6. The amino acid is folded into protein in the RER
  7. The protein is pinched off in a transport vesicle and transported to the Golgi which packs the protein and may modify it so it’s ready for release.
  8. then the protein is packaged into a secretory vesicle and fuses into the cell surface membrane where it’s secreted.
29
Q

Gram Positive bacteria

A

Cell wall is a thick layer of murine
Stains purple

30
Q

Gram negative bacteria

A

Thin layer of murine
Stains, red or pink

31
Q

Prokaryote versus eukaryote: how/where is it found

A

Prokaryote: single celled
Eukaryote: found in a tissue

32
Q

Prokaryote versus eukaryote: Nucleus

A

Prokaryote: no nucleus only chromosomal DNA in cytoplasm
Eukaryote : membrane bound nucleus

33
Q

Prokaryote versus eukaryote: organelles

A

Prokaryote: no membrane bound organelles
Eukaryote: membrane bound organelles

34
Q

Prokaryote versus eukaryote: respiration

A

Prokaryote: occurs in mesosome
Eukaryote: occurs in mitochondria

35
Q

Prokaryote versus eukaryote: DNA

A

Prokaryote: naked DNA
eukaryote: DNA bound to histones to form chromosomes

36
Q

Prokaryote versus eukaryote: cell wall

A

Prokaryote: peptidoglycan aka murine
Eukaryote : cellulose cell wall in plants
Chitin in fungi

37
Q

Prokaryote versus eukaryote: flagella or cilia

A

Prokaryotes: Some have flagella
Eukaryotes : some have flagella or Cilia

38
Q

Prokaryote versus eukaryote: ribosome size

A

prokaryote: 70s
Eukaryote: 80s

39
Q

Prokaryote versus eukaryote: cytoskeleton

A

Prokaryote : no complex skeleton
eukaryote: has skeleton

40
Q

Prokaryote versus eukaryote: average size

A

Prokaryote: 0.5um-2um
eukaryote: 20-40um

41
Q

State the word that describes a structure made up of different types of tissue working together to perform a particular function

A

Organ

42
Q

Why would a ciliated (needs mobility) cell need many mitochondria

A

To provide energy for aerobic respiration to move

43
Q

Sperm cell

A

Head contains half the amount of chromosomes 23 in nucleus
Acrosome contains enzymes to digest outer portion of egg
Mitochondria releases energy for flagellum movement

44
Q

Thin cell walls do not provide much support for a leaf so how is it supported?

A

Air spaces give buoyancy and is supported by water

45
Q

Which component of the cytoskeleton provides tensile strength for the cell?

A

Intermediate filaments

46
Q

True or false microtubules are part of the 9+2 formation in bacterial flagella

A

False only in eukaryotic

47
Q

True or false microtubules can be prevented from functioning by respiratory inhibitor

A

True

48
Q

True or false microtubules are involved in moving chromosomes from the equator to the poles of the cell during mitosis

A

True

49
Q

Dynein proteins are responsible for causing microtubules to bend. a mutation gene causes them to be no longer expressed. suggest explain how this may lead to male infertility

A

Microtubules are responsible for the movement of the flagellum that moves the sperm cell carrying the DNA. The mutation would result in the flagellum no longer moving so the sperm cell will be unable to reach the egg and deliver genetic material.

50
Q

Why is the nucleus of two eukaryotic cells the same weight?

A

Each cell would only contain one nucleus containing the same number of genetic material

51
Q

Why would cytoskeleton degradation lead to a lack of control?

A

It may cause cells to lose strength/stability causing them to break down preventing vesicles from being transported through the cell to sell surface to secrete their contents

52
Q

What is the cause of abnormal function of mitochondria?

A

Cells may not receive enough energy causing them to die which prevents them from carrying out their normal function

53
Q

Function of a permanent vacuole

A
  • are found in plant cells
  • is a fluid-filled sac membrane that stores water and nutrients on which a cell can rely for its survival
  • Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid
  • maintains pressure by pushing the cytoplasm against the cell wall, which helps keep the plant cell turgid and prevents plants from wilting.
54
Q

Function of a temporary vacuole

A
  • found temporarily in animal cells
  • store or transport substances
55
Q

Name this organelle (it looks like a vacuole)

A

Temporary/permanent vacuole

56
Q

Function of a pili

A
  • Are found in bacteria
  • exchange DNA to other bacteria
  • are hooks to anchor inside
57
Q

Why do cells with more mitochondria grow faster

A

They would be able to respire aerobically which produces more ATP which releases more energy which is needed for processes like active transport, cell division, protein synthesis, DNA replication,
Therefore ATP allows faster metabolic processes, & meets high metabolic demand

58
Q

How do you genetic codes code for specific proteins?

A
  • The three bases code for one amino acid
  • The sequence of bases determine the structure of the protein
59
Q

How do vesicles move?

A

Attached to the cytoskeleton moved by protein motors called dynien same as in flagellum

60
Q

Prokaryotes flagella

A

Made of the protein flagellin
Arranged in a helix

61
Q

What is the difference between a tissue and an organ

A

Tissue is made of the same type of cell organs are made of different types of tissue

62
Q

Function of mesosomes

A
  • found in prokaryotic cells
  • Coming off the inside of the cell membrane
  • used for respiration like mitochondria
63
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

46 in each human cell and carry information required to make a molecule, e.g. protein

64
Q

Why might abnormal mitochondria be problematic in heart tissue

A

Not enough atp produced so heart might not have enough energy to contract

65
Q

What is the advantages of two stains being used

A

Allow specific parts of the cell to be seen

66
Q

how to differentiate a prokaryotic cell from a eukaryotic cell

A

Smaller cells, smaller Ribosomes, no nucleus, fewer organelles, no mitochondria, dna is circular not linear

67
Q
A
68
Q

How can you tell a cell undertakes active transport on a large scale

A

They have more mitochondria than usual to provide the energy needed to go against the concentration gradient

Bio Mod 2 (10 decks)

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