Nuclear Weapons Flashcards

1
Q

What was the conventional reasoning behind why states build nukes?

A

Neutralize security threats; there as a last resort if all other means of defense should fail

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2
Q

The idea of nukes being used to neutralize security threats is consistent with what kind of realism?

A

neo-realism (states are concerned with safety)

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3
Q

What are some other reasons states have nukes?

A

Domestic factors

  • businesses want to make a profit
  • countries want prestige
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4
Q

What are the internal factors that could lead to nukes?

A
  • pressures from within the government and military bureaucracy
  • reasons of prestige/domestic popularity
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5
Q

What is an example of prestige/domestic popularity with nukes?

A

In the late 90s, India and Pakistan both tested nuclear weapons. The populations were very excited, celebrated, handed out candy in streets

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6
Q

Nuclear pork

A

building more nuclear weapons creates jobs and builds factories and infrastructure (example of pork-barrel spending)

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7
Q

what is the scientific-industrial-military complex?

A

laboratories make nuclear weapons innovations

  • they seek more funding and prestige; create coalitions with sponsors within the professional military
  • seek support from politicians to allocate state spending
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8
Q

What is the military-industrial complex?

A
  • coined by US pres. Eisenhower in outgoing address (Jun 1961)
  • US arms industry was gaining undue influence in politics
  • -US arms industry could shape government decision making
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9
Q

What does Sagan argue?

A
  • nuclear weapons are not a solution to a security problem

- security threats are an excuse to develop nuclear weapons programs where there are already domestic pressures

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10
Q

What is the NPT?

A
  • launched in 1970
  • prevent countries from developing nukes
  • 190 member states
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11
Q

What are some faults of the NPT?

A
  • does not pressure existing nuclear powers to eliminate existing weapons
  • non-members haven’t faced and consquences
  • states aren’t provided with incentives to join and adhere to NPT
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12
Q

Who are some notable non-members of NPT?

A

North Korea, Israel, India, and Pakistan (all nuclear powers)

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13
Q

Edelman and company argue that the US “red lines” _______ deter Iran

A

would not

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14
Q

What do Edelman, etc. believe could happen if Iran becomes a nuclear power?

A
  • embolden Iran and damage Middle East status quo
  • diminish US power and influence in the region
  • destabilize region because it would become a multipolar nuclear region
  • arms race (ex. Saudi Arabia)
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15
Q

What do Edelman, etc. suggest US do?

A

increase US military presence to boost leverage, deterrence, “back-up” threats

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16
Q

What does Waltz argue will/could happen if Iran becomes a nuclear power?

A
  • stabilize region because “power begs to be balanced” (Israel is currently only nuclear power in Middle East)
  • Iranian leaders have a history of being rational, they seek security, don’t want to initiate nuclear war
  • historically, countries become more cautious after developing nuclear weapons (ex. China)
17
Q

Name some events that lead to the US-Iranian Rivalry

A

1951: democratically-elected Iranian Pres. Mossadegh nationalized oil reserves
1953: Mossadegh was overthrown in a coup orchestrated by the US CIA and British MI6–West installed Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi
1979: Pahlavi overthrown in 1979 Islamic Revolution
1979: Iranians seized 52 US embassy staff, held them hostage for 444 days (released in 1980)
1983: Iran helped found and support Lebanese rebel group Hezbollah, which bombed US marines barracks in Lebanon, killing 242
2003: Iran began sponsoring Shi’a militants in Iraq (continues to sponsor) that have killed US troops

18
Q

What are some general Iranian sentiments about US?

A
  • felt US was surrounding them after Afghanistan and Iraq invasions
  • refers to US as “Great Satan”
19
Q

US keeps Iran on list of countries that ________

A

sponsor terrorism

20
Q

Describe the history of the negative relationship between Iran and Israel

A
  • Iran refers to Israel as “Little Satan”
  • Israel has fought Iranian proxy Hezbollah in Lebanon since 1982 (Hezbollah’s main use is against Israel)
  • Iran is widely suspected of bombing Israeli embassy in 1992 and the Jewish Center in 1994 in Buenos Aires
  • Israel regards Iranian nuclear program as existential threat
    - Israel has killed Iranian nuclear scientists, detonated a bomb at an Iranian missile base (2011) and launched computer viruses to disrupt Iranian uranium enrichment
21
Q

What are some examples of Israel striking first?

A

June 7 1981: Israeli jets destroyed Iraqi nuclear reactor, ending Saddam Hussein’s nuclear ambitions
September 2007: Israelis jets destroyed a nuclear reactor in Syria
-Israeli jets have repeatedly destroyed weapons stock in Syria destined for Hezbollah

22
Q

What did Israeli PM Netanyahu talk about in his speech to US congress in March 2015?

A
  • claimed Iran was greatest threat to world peace
  • warned that Iranian bomb would have catastrophic consequences
  • speech was widely regarded as a direct appeal to US and Israeli public opinion
23
Q

What was the US-Iranian nuclear deal?

A

US and EU would lift crippling economic sanctions on Iran in exchange for Iran slowing the enrichment of uranium and opening its nuclear facilities to inspection
-2015

24
Q

What did Israel think of the US-Iranian deal?

A

Some debate about topic

  • PM Netanyahu warned that it would be a “historic mistake”
  • two former chiefs of Mossad Spy service spoke in favour of the deal
  • Retired Mossad chief Meir Dagan said bombing Iranian nulcear installations before diplomacy had been exhausted was “the stupidest idea” called Iranian leaders “very rational”
25
Q

Describe the debate about the Iranian deal

A
  • despite it passing, most US republicans and many democrats opposed the deal in House and Senate
  • many hardline Iranians were opposed to the deal
  • –Supreme leader Ayatollah Khamene’i warned that US was “Great Satan”, announced there would be no further deals
26
Q

Describe Trump’s withdrawal from the Iran Deal and the “aftermath”

A
  • called it “horrible, one-sided”
  • European partners, Russia, and China all remain in deal, express hope it can endure
  • Iran has reaffirmed its adherence to deal’s terms, not withdrawn from deal yet
  • Israel attacked Iranian build-up in Syria after Trump’s withdrawal