Bureaucratic and Cognitive Approaches Flashcards

1
Q

When did behavioral sciences boom and why?

A

1950s and 1960s

subsidizing of universities, more faculties, papers, etc.

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2
Q

How do decision-makers deal with new information?

A

Decision-makers have preexisting theories based on formative experience, they fit incoming information into existing theories and images

  • as soon as people identify how incoming information reinforces their own pre-existing beliefs, they stop considering it further
  • attach more importance to info that reinforces what we expect
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3
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

people search for, and are predisposed to believe, information that supports their biases and assumptions

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4
Q

people often hold consistent beliefs that are ___________, making us ____________

A

are not logically linked, making us psychologically comfortable

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5
Q

What is the conventional understanding of policy making?

A
  • monoliths perform large actions for big reasons

- decisions are based on rationality, perspective, experience

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6
Q

Who is one of the biggest political scientists for the cuabn missile crisis?

A

graham Allison

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7
Q

Does Allison agree with the conventional understanding of policy making?

A

No, says it is more haphazard because large organizations and diverse political actors with different perspectives are involved

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8
Q

Graham Allison argues that decision-making structure is _______

A

no “black-box”, it’s highly differentiated because of different opinions, motives and goals

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9
Q

In what year was the cuban missile crisis?

A

1962

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10
Q

During the cuban missile crisis what shaped US policy makers’ decisions?

A

delays in obtaining intelligence, incomplete information, and turf wars

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11
Q

Does US decision making in the cuban missile crisis support the conventional wisdom?

A

No, it was much more random

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12
Q

What are some examples of US indecision during the cuban missile crisis?

A
  • US lost precious time as CIA and Air Fore bickered over who would pilot a U-2 reconnaissance plane
  • navy disregarded President’s order of where to impose blockade (was more provocative to Soviet Union than Kennedy wanted)
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13
Q

How did the Cuban Missile Crisis end?

A

27 Oct 1962:
-Soviet Premier Khrushchev demands US remove missiles in Turkey in exchange for dismantling cuban missiles
-US air force U-2 spy plane is shot down over Cuba-war seems likely
-JFK sends Khrushchev a letter of offering to lift blockade and not invade if missiles are removed
-agrees to withdraw US missiles in Turkey at a later date
28 Oct
-crisis ended
20 Dec:
-USSR removes the missiles, US ends the blockade

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14
Q

In US, what prevented a streamlined flow of “rational” decisions?

A

-decision-making chain from State Dept. to military to President and advisors

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15
Q

What were some alternate options of the cuban missile crisis?

A

-surgical air strikes, could have launched a full-scale war

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