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Biology > nucelotides > Flashcards

nucelotides Flashcards

1
Q

what is DNA and RNA

A

nucleic acids which are polymers

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2
Q

what are the monomers of DNA

A

nucleotides

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3
Q

What does DNA contain

A

deoxyribose
phosphate group
Bases: adenine guanine thymine and cytosine

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4
Q

what does RNA contain

A

nitrogenous bases adenine uracil cytosine guanine
ribose sugar
phosphate group

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5
Q

how do nucleotides join

A

phosphodiesther bond between phosphate group of one molecule and pentose sugar of other

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6
Q

what is the structure of RNA

A

contains bases uracil, adenine, cytosine and guanine
single stranded- made of one polynucleotide strand
smaller than DNA
less stable than DNA

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7
Q

what is the structure of DNA

A

double stranded
bases are complementary
hydrogen bonds between bases
forms ‘double helix’

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8
Q

how does DNA being a long molecule relate to its function

A

holds alot of information

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9
Q

how does DNA being double stranded relate to its function

A

both strands used as templates during DNA replication

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10
Q

how does helical structure relate to DNAs function

A

compact

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11
Q

how does sugar phosphate backbone relate to DNA function

A

provides chemical and physical protection of bases

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12
Q

how does complimentary base pairs relate to DNAS function

A

accurate DNA replication

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13
Q

how do weak hydrogen bonds (individual) relate to DNAs function

A

easily broken for replication

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14
Q

how do strong hydrogen bonds (collective) relate to DNAS function

A

stable molecule

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15
Q

how does base sequence relate to function of DNA

A

codes for primary structure of protein

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16
Q

compare structure of DNA vs RNA

A

DNA is longer whereas RNA is shorter
DNA is more stable (double stranded) whereas RNA less stable
DNA contains deoxyribose whereas RNA ribose only
DNA- ATCG whereas RNA- AUCG

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17
Q

what does ATP stand for

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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18
Q

what is the structure of atp

A

3 phosphate groups ribose and adenine

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19
Q

what happens when 3 phosphate groups are easily broken

A

release large amounts of energy

20
Q

How is ATP made

A

ADP and Pi react to form atp. It’s a condensation reaction, energy is required and ATP synthase is the enzyme involved

21
Q

how is ATP broken down

A

ATP is broken down into ADP and Pi. Its a hydrolysis reaction, energy is released and ATP hydrolase is the enzyme involved

22
Q

what processes make ATP

A

oxidative phosphorylation
photophosphorylation
substrate-level phosphorylation

23
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation

A

addition of phosphate to ADP to make ATP

energy from electron transfer chain in aerobic respiration

24
Q

what is photophosphorylation

A

energy from light in photosynthesis

25
Q

what is substrate level phsophorylation

A

energy released from chemical reaction of phosphate ion donated by substrate

26
Q

How is ATP used

A

provides energy for chemical reaction because phosphate ion added to substrate to make it more reactive
Addition of phosphate to protein because causes a shape change and can then carry out its function

27
Q

why is ATP useful as a molecule

A

single bond broken therefore immediate energy release
small amount of energy released
easy/rapid synthesis because only 1 bond formed
soluble so diffuses around cell easily

28
Q

when does DNA replication occur

A

during synthesis phase of cell cycle

29
Q

What is the process of DNA replication

A
  1. DNA helicase unzips DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds and this seperates DNA molecule into 2 seperate strands
  2. Activated and free nucleotides join by complimentary base pairing to two template strands
    hydrogen bonds form between free nucleotides and each template strand
  3. DNA polymerase joins sugar phosphate backbone by forming phosphodiesther bonds between nucleotides
  4. semi-conservative replication: new DNA molecules made of 1 new and 1 original strand
  5. each molecule forms a double helix
30
Q

how does DNAs structure allow replication

A

double stranded so each strand acts as a template
hydrogen bonds easily broken
complementary base pairing holds strands together

31
Q

How was the meselson-stahl experiment carried out

A

Grew e coli on 15N (heavy nitrogen)
then transfered bacteria to 14N substrate0
Means that DNA replications now can only use 14N
using ultracentrifugation the DNA from each subsequent replication can be seperated
band reveals the mechanism

32
Q

what is meant by DNA being universal

A

all cells have double helical DNA

33
Q

what does DNA only code for

A

proteins

34
Q

what is a code

A

sequence of DNA bases which are read as base triplets

35
Q

what does each triplet code for

A

one amino acid which determines proteins primary structure

36
Q

what is a gene

A

short length of DNA that codes for a polypeptide

37
Q

what do proteins determine

A

characteristics of cells, tissues and organs, whole organisms

38
Q

why is a genetic code universal

A

all organisms have DNA

39
Q

why is a genetic code non-overlapping

A

each base is in only 1 base triplet

40
Q

why is genetic code a triplet code

A

groups of 3 bases code for one amino acid

41
Q

why is genetic code degenerate

A

each amino acid has at least one triplet code

42
Q

what is mRNa

A

messenger RNA

43
Q

what is tRNA

A

transfer RNA

44
Q

what is the structure and function of mRNA

A

carries nucleotide message of a gene from DNA in nucleus out of nucleus to ribosome
simple linear strand
length of a gene (1000s nucleotides)
has codons (sequences of 3 bases)

45
Q

what is the structure and function of tRNA

A

carries specific amino acids to mRNA and ribosome so that amino acids can be put together in order dictated by mRNA
clover leaf shape because forms H bonds with itself
80 nucleotides
contains anticodons (3 nucleotides)

46
Q

what is the process of transcription

A
  1. DNA helicase unzips DNA- breaking H bonds
  2. RNA polymerase enables binding of complementary RNA complimentary nucleotides to template strand and forms bonds in sugar phosphate backbone
  3. mRNA synthesis finishes when stop triplet reached on DNA
    4, mRNA splicing then occurs
47
Q

what is splicing

A

Splicing removes introns and rejoins exons and exons can be rejoined in different orders to create different proteins

Biology (14 decks)

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