energy and ATP Flashcards
what is energy
the ability to do work
what types of work does an organism do
chemical work, transport and mechanical work
give examples of chemical work
biosynthesis which is making carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and the input of energy is needed for monomers to make biological molecules
gives examples when energy is needed for transport
active transport and the sodium potassium pump because you are moving particles against a concentration gradient across a cell membrane which requires energy
give examples of when energy is needed for mechanical work
contraction of proteins (muscle contraction and movement of chromosomes and beating of cillia)
where is all energy derived from
the sun
what is ATP
one of the main sources of energy for metabollic reactions in all living things
how does ATP work
takes energy stored within glucose and distributes it into smaller currencies these smaller currencies release less heat and dont denature enzymes
what is atp made of
adenine
ribose
three phosphate groups
how do you write atp in words
adenosine triphosphate
where is the majority of energy storage
triglycerides and not ATP
when is ATP broken down
when energy is needed to power a function in the cell
how many atp molecules does aerobic respiration produce
38
how many atp molecules does anaerobic respiration produce
2
whats the equation of the synthesis of ATP
ATP+water (reverse arrows) ADP+Pi
what ways can ATP be synthesised
phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation and substrate level phosphorylation
what is phosphorylation
light energy used to add a phosphate ion to ADP to make ATP
what is oxidative phosphorylation
oxygen from mitochondria promotes phosphorylation
what is substrate level phosphorylation
transferring a phosphate from one molecule to another
what happens when `ATP is hydrolysed
releases energy
why is ATP a suitable energy source
releases a relatively low amount of energy
only needs to break one bond and energy is released instantaneously
makes other compounds more reactive (by phosphorylation/lowering activation energy)
can be rapidly resynthesised because only one bond to form
highly soluble in water
why is it an advantage that ATP is highly soluble in water
easily transported in cells eg mitochondria ro ribosomes for protein synthesis and doesnt leave cells meaning it cant freely diffuse across lipid bilayers because it requires hydrophillic carrier proteins
