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mass transport Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the three fundamental layers for blood vessels

A

1) outer layer
2) middle layer
3) internal layer

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2
Q

explain the function and adaptation of the outer layer

A

made up of collagen which makes it able to form tough layer around each blood vessel

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3
Q

explain the adaptation and function of the middle layer

A

made of muscle and elastic. The muscles contract and relax and the elastic fibres stretch and recoil.

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4
Q

why is the muscle thick in the arteries

A

vasoconstriction and vasodilation

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5
Q

why is the elastic thick in the arteries

A

maintains pressure

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6
Q

why is the lumen narrow in the artery

A

maintains blood pressure

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7
Q

are there valves in arteries

A

no

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8
Q

how are the muscles in veins

A

thin

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9
Q

how is the elastic in veins

A

thin

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10
Q

how is the lumen in veins and why

A

wide which reduces resistance therefore low pressure which maintains flow rate

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11
Q

are there valves in veins and why

A

yes because it prevents the backflow of blood

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12
Q

what is mass transport

A

movement of fluid in 1 direction through a pressure gradient through tubes

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13
Q

why is the heart described as a double pump

A

1 pump pumps blood to body and other goes to lungs

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14
Q

what is the function of pulmonary artery

A

deoxygenated blood away from heart to lungs to become oxygenated

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15
Q

what is the function of pulmonary vein

A

oxygenated blood into heart from lungs

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16
Q

what is function of aorta

A

oxygenated blood to rest of body

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17
Q

what is the function of the vena cava

A

deoxygenated blood from body to heart

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18
Q

what is the function of valves

A

ensure blood flows in only one direction through the heart

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19
Q

what is the function of the atrioventricular valve

A

ensures one way flow of blood and occurs between atria and ventricle

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20
Q

when do atrioventricular valves open/close

A

open- atrium contracts

close- ventricle contracts

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21
Q

when do semilunar valves open/close

A

ventricle contracts- opens

arterial pressure> ventricle =contracts

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22
Q

why is the left ventricle wall thick

A

because needs tp exert enough pressure to pump blood around the body

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23
Q

what is the function of the coronary arteries

A

supply heart muscle itself with blood

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24
Q

what is the cardiac cycle

A

the sequence of events that makes up one heart beat

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25
Q

what are the principles of the heart cycle

A
  1. the orientation of the heart valves
  2. the relative pressures of blood either side
  3. the reason for the relative pressures
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26
Q

what is the principle of the orientation of heart valves

A

atrioventricular valves point down

semilunar valves point up

27
Q

what is the principle for the relative pressures of blood on either side

A

when blood pressure on concave (ventricle)>convex side (atria) valve closes
when blood pressure on concave (ventricle)

28
Q

what is the reason for the relative pressures

A

the contraction and relaxation of the atrial and ventricular walls

29
Q

pressures of atrial ventricular valves

A

when ventricles contract, ventricular>atrial pressure
therefore atrioventricular valve close
when atria contract, atrial>ventricular pressure
therefore atrioventricular valve opens

30
Q

pressures of semilunar valves

A

when ventricles contract, ventricular>arterial pressure
therefore semilunar valve opens
when ventricle relaxed, arterial>ventricular pressure
therefore semilunar valve closes

31
Q

what is diastole

A

relaxation

32
Q

when does cardiac diastole occur

A

atrial>ventricular pressure
therefore atrioventricular opens
arterial> ventricular pressure
therefore semilunar valve closes

33
Q

what is systole

A

contraction

34
Q

describe arterial and ventricular diastole

A 
atrial>ventricular pressure
therefore atrioventricular valve opens
arterial>ventricular pressure
therefore semilunar valve closed
blood flows from atrium to ventricle emptying atria
35
Q

describe ventricular systole and atrial diastole

A 
ventricular>> atrial pressure
therefore atrioventricular valve closed
ventricular>arterial pressure
therefore semilunar valves open
blood flows from ventricles to arteries, emptying ventricle
36
Q

what are the three steps in the cardiac cycle

A
  1. cardiac diastole
  2. atrial systole and ventricular diastole
  3. ventricular systole and atrial diastole
37
Q

why is the heart described as myogenic

A

contracts and relaxes on its own

38
Q

what is the name of the hearts natural pace maker

A

sinal atrium node (SAN) and it is located in the wall of the right atrium

39
Q

how is heartbeat controlled

A
  1. SAN initiates heartbeat
  2. a wave of neuronal impulses cause atria to contract
  3. band of non conducting collagen tissue stops impulses reaching ventricles
  4. AVN delays impulses, allowing atria to empty before ventricles contract
  5. AVN sends impulses down bundle of His and purkyne fibres
  6. causing ventricles to contract from vapex up
40
Q

how is tissue fluid made in the arterial end

A 
arterial end (from heart) high hydrostatic pressure filters blood
everything filtered out except RBC, WBC, large soluble proteins= tissue fluid
41
Q

how is tissue fluid made in venous end

A

hydrostatic pressure hugely decreases
blood water potential less than fluid water potential due to soluble proteins
therefore water enters blood by osmosis down water potential gradient
excess tissue fluid drains into lymph

42
Q

what is the function of haemoglobin

A

transports O2 (binds and releases 02)

43
Q

what is the structure of haemoglobin

A
  • globular protein
  • hydrophobic R groups on inside and hydrophillic R groups on outside
  • 4 polypeptide chains
  • therefore Hb has a quartenary structure
  • Each polypeptide chain has a haem group (Fe2+)
  • non protein
44
Q

explain the oxygen dissociation curve

A

first oxygen binding sites changes tertiary structure of Hb therefore reveals next 2 binding sites which makes next 2 O2 molecules easier to bind to

45
Q

what is partial pressure of o2

A

conc of o2 in air mixture

46
Q

what is meant by the bohr effect

A

the partial pressure of CO2 as well as PO2 affects O2 saturation Hb

47
Q

what happens when PCO2 is decreased

A

Hb has a higher affinity for O2 therefore associates more readily therefore graph shifts to right

48
Q

what happens when PCO2 is increased

A

haemoglobin has a decreased affinity for oxygen therefore oxygen dissociates more readily and graph shifts to the right

49
Q

when does s shaped curve shift to left

A

(foetal Hb, myoglobin, llama and lugworm Hb) Hb has a higher affinity for O2 and therefore associates more readily

50
Q

when does s shaped curve shift to right

A

(mouse cheetah hummingbird Hb) Hb has lower affinity for O2 and therefore dissociates more readily

51
Q

how is the xylem adapted to its funciton

A

dead cells = no cytoplasm
no end walls
pits
strengthened by lignin

52
Q

describe the movement of water in roots

A

mineral ions enter roots via active transport (Na+, No3-, Cl-)
which decreases water potential in root hair cell
therefore osmosis follows

53
Q

describe the movement of water through the roots

A

symplast pathway- via cytoplasm, plasmadesmata osmosis

apaplast pathway- via non living cell walls via mass transport as a result of cohesion of water molecules

54
Q

describe the movement of water into xylem

A

active transport of mineral ions therefore water follows by osmosis from a higher water potential to a lower water potential

55
Q

describe the cohesion tension theory in the xylem

A

water molecules polar delta positive attracted to delta negative and they therefore form a hydrogen bond which creates cohesion and therefore water molecules sticking together

56
Q

what is the effect of adhesion on cohesion tension theory

A

water molecules sticking to other substances ie xylem wall and therefore water forms a continous column of water from roots to leaves (the transpiration stream)

57
Q

what is transpiration

A

evaporation of water from cell walls into mesophyll air spaces and out of leaf via stomata

58
Q

what are the features of transpiration

A
  • solar powered
  • constant evaporation of water creates a pressure and water potential gradient which PULLS water up through the cytoplasm
59
Q

what is negative pressure also known as (-10KPa)

A

tension (pulling)

60
Q

what factors increase transpiration

A
  • increase temp- steepen water potential gradient between cellulose cell wall to air
  • increase wind- steepens water potential gradient
  • decrease humidity- steepens water potential gradient
  • increase light intensity= photosynthesis= stomata open
61
Q

how is the pressure in the roots

A

small amount of positive pressure (eg 10KPA) pushing water up the xylem as a result of constant of water into root of xylem by osmosis

62
Q

how are xerophytic plants adapted

A

reduced leaf SA- decreases SA
stomata in pits- traps moist air therefore reduces transpiration
thinner waxy cuticle- reduces water loss by evaporation
hairs- traps moist air and therefore reduces transpiration
curled leaves- reduces SA

63
Q

how are hydrophillic plants adapted

A

larger leaf SA (transpiration not an issue)
stomata on upper side- increases gas conc in air
thinner waxy cuticle
air spaced- floats, increases photosynthesis

Biology (14 decks)

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