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mass transport Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three fundamental layers for blood vessels

A

1) outer layer
2) middle layer
3) internal layer

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2
Q

explain the function and adaptation of the outer layer

A

made up of collagen which makes it able to form tough layer around each blood vessel

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3
Q

explain the adaptation and function of the middle layer

A

made of muscle and elastic. The muscles contract and relax and the elastic fibres stretch and recoil.

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4
Q

why is the muscle thick in the arteries

A

vasoconstriction and vasodilation

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5
Q

why is the elastic thick in the arteries

A

maintains pressure

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6
Q

why is the lumen narrow in the artery

A

maintains blood pressure

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7
Q

are there valves in arteries

A

no

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8
Q

how are the muscles in veins

A

thin

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9
Q

how is the elastic in veins

A

thin

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10
Q

how is the lumen in veins and why

A

wide which reduces resistance therefore low pressure which maintains flow rate

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11
Q

are there valves in veins and why

A

yes because it prevents the backflow of blood

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12
Q

what is mass transport

A

movement of fluid in 1 direction through a pressure gradient through tubes

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13
Q

why is the heart described as a double pump

A

1 pump pumps blood to body and other goes to lungs

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14
Q

what is the function of pulmonary artery

A

deoxygenated blood away from heart to lungs to become oxygenated

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15
Q

what is the function of pulmonary vein

A

oxygenated blood into heart from lungs

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16
Q

what is function of aorta

A

oxygenated blood to rest of body

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17
Q

what is the function of the vena cava

A

deoxygenated blood from body to heart

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18
Q

what is the function of valves

A

ensure blood flows in only one direction through the heart

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19
Q

what is the function of the atrioventricular valve

A

ensures one way flow of blood and occurs between atria and ventricle

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20
Q

when do atrioventricular valves open/close

A

open- atrium contracts

close- ventricle contracts

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21
Q

when do semilunar valves open/close

A

ventricle contracts- opens

arterial pressure> ventricle =contracts

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22
Q

why is the left ventricle wall thick

A

because needs tp exert enough pressure to pump blood around the body

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23
Q

what is the function of the coronary arteries

A

supply heart muscle itself with blood

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24
Q

what is the cardiac cycle

A

the sequence of events that makes up one heart beat

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25
what are the principles of the heart cycle
1. the orientation of the heart valves 2. the relative pressures of blood either side 3. the reason for the relative pressures
26
what is the principle of the orientation of heart valves
atrioventricular valves point down | semilunar valves point up
27
what is the principle for the relative pressures of blood on either side
when blood pressure on concave (ventricle)>convex side (atria) valve closes when blood pressure on concave (ventricle)
28
what is the reason for the relative pressures
the contraction and relaxation of the atrial and ventricular walls
29
pressures of atrial ventricular valves
when ventricles contract, ventricular>atrial pressure therefore atrioventricular valve close when atria contract, atrial>ventricular pressure therefore atrioventricular valve opens
30
pressures of semilunar valves
when ventricles contract, ventricular>arterial pressure therefore semilunar valve opens when ventricle relaxed, arterial>ventricular pressure therefore semilunar valve closes
31
what is diastole
relaxation
32
when does cardiac diastole occur
atrial>ventricular pressure therefore atrioventricular opens arterial> ventricular pressure therefore semilunar valve closes
33
what is systole
contraction
34
describe arterial and ventricular diastole
``` atrial>ventricular pressure therefore atrioventricular valve opens arterial>ventricular pressure therefore semilunar valve closed blood flows from atrium to ventricle emptying atria ```
35
describe ventricular systole and atrial diastole
``` ventricular>> atrial pressure therefore atrioventricular valve closed ventricular>arterial pressure therefore semilunar valves open blood flows from ventricles to arteries, emptying ventricle ```
36
what are the three steps in the cardiac cycle
1. cardiac diastole 2. atrial systole and ventricular diastole 3. ventricular systole and atrial diastole
37
why is the heart described as myogenic
contracts and relaxes on its own
38
what is the name of the hearts natural pace maker
sinal atrium node (SAN) and it is located in the wall of the right atrium
39
how is heartbeat controlled
1. SAN initiates heartbeat 2. a wave of neuronal impulses cause atria to contract 3. band of non conducting collagen tissue stops impulses reaching ventricles 4. AVN delays impulses, allowing atria to empty before ventricles contract 5. AVN sends impulses down bundle of His and purkyne fibres 6. causing ventricles to contract from vapex up
40
how is tissue fluid made in the arterial end
``` arterial end (from heart) high hydrostatic pressure filters blood everything filtered out except RBC, WBC, large soluble proteins= tissue fluid ```
41
how is tissue fluid made in venous end
hydrostatic pressure hugely decreases blood water potential less than fluid water potential due to soluble proteins therefore water enters blood by osmosis down water potential gradient excess tissue fluid drains into lymph
42
what is the function of haemoglobin
transports O2 (binds and releases 02)
43
what is the structure of haemoglobin
* globular protein - hydrophobic R groups on inside and hydrophillic R groups on outside * 4 polypeptide chains - therefore Hb has a quartenary structure * Each polypeptide chain has a haem group (Fe2+) - non protein
44
explain the oxygen dissociation curve
first oxygen binding sites changes tertiary structure of Hb therefore reveals next 2 binding sites which makes next 2 O2 molecules easier to bind to
45
what is partial pressure of o2
conc of o2 in air mixture
46
what is meant by the bohr effect
the partial pressure of CO2 as well as PO2 affects O2 saturation Hb
47
what happens when PCO2 is decreased
Hb has a higher affinity for O2 therefore associates more readily therefore graph shifts to right
48
what happens when PCO2 is increased
haemoglobin has a decreased affinity for oxygen therefore oxygen dissociates more readily and graph shifts to the right
49
when does s shaped curve shift to left
(foetal Hb, myoglobin, llama and lugworm Hb) Hb has a higher affinity for O2 and therefore associates more readily
50
when does s shaped curve shift to right
(mouse cheetah hummingbird Hb) Hb has lower affinity for O2 and therefore dissociates more readily
51
how is the xylem adapted to its funciton
dead cells = no cytoplasm no end walls pits strengthened by lignin
52
describe the movement of water in roots
mineral ions enter roots via active transport (Na+, No3-, Cl-) which decreases water potential in root hair cell therefore osmosis follows
53
describe the movement of water through the roots
symplast pathway- via cytoplasm, plasmadesmata osmosis | apaplast pathway- via non living cell walls via mass transport as a result of cohesion of water molecules
54
describe the movement of water into xylem
active transport of mineral ions therefore water follows by osmosis from a higher water potential to a lower water potential
55
describe the cohesion tension theory in the xylem
water molecules polar delta positive attracted to delta negative and they therefore form a hydrogen bond which creates cohesion and therefore water molecules sticking together
56
what is the effect of adhesion on cohesion tension theory
water molecules sticking to other substances ie xylem wall and therefore water forms a continous column of water from roots to leaves (the transpiration stream)
57
what is transpiration
evaporation of water from cell walls into mesophyll air spaces and out of leaf via stomata
58
what are the features of transpiration
* solar powered * constant evaporation of water creates a pressure and water potential gradient which PULLS water up through the cytoplasm
59
what is negative pressure also known as (-10KPa)
tension (pulling)
60
what factors increase transpiration
* increase temp- steepen water potential gradient between cellulose cell wall to air * increase wind- steepens water potential gradient * decrease humidity- steepens water potential gradient * increase light intensity= photosynthesis= stomata open
61
how is the pressure in the roots
small amount of positive pressure (eg 10KPA) pushing water up the xylem as a result of constant of water into root of xylem by osmosis
62
how are xerophytic plants adapted
reduced leaf SA- decreases SA stomata in pits- traps moist air therefore reduces transpiration thinner waxy cuticle- reduces water loss by evaporation hairs- traps moist air and therefore reduces transpiration curled leaves- reduces SA
63
how are hydrophillic plants adapted
larger leaf SA (transpiration not an issue) stomata on upper side- increases gas conc in air thinner waxy cuticle air spaced- floats, increases photosynthesis

Biology (14 decks)

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