NTs

Question 1

two primary peripheral NTs

Answer 1

ganglia and parasympathetic = ACh. sympathetic = NA

Question 2

4 other small molecules as NTs

Answer 2

serotonin, ATP, NO, DA

Question 3

6 neuropeptide examples

Answer 3

NPY, VIP, CGRP, Substance P, SRIF, leucine and methionine enkephalin

Question 4

autacoids: are what? examples?

Answer 4

released by neurons or target tissue in response to local signald: histamine, prostaglandins and other eicosinoids like leukotrienes, substance P, 5HT, ATP, NO

Question 5

2 methods to identify neurotransmitters and their functions

Answer 5

in situ hybridization for mRNA or hitochemical reactions with antibodies

Question 6

IHC: characteristics? what?

Answer 6

sensitive and specific. identifies cellular/tissue constitutents aka antigens via antigen-antibody interactions

Question 7

IHC can localize what 5 things

Answer 7

enzymes involved with NT synthesis/degradation. NT receptors, transporters. peptide NTs. small molecule NTs like GABA

Question 8

horseradish peroxidase

Answer 8

use with IHC: produces colored product if you add a substrate like DAB diaminbenzidine

Question 9

cholinergic neurons: distribution

Answer 9

widely distributed in brain and periphery

Question 10

4 places with cholinergic neurons

Answer 10

spinal preganglionic neurons and motor neurons release ACh. post ganglionic parasympathetic. brainstem cholinergic neurons. basal forebrain cholinergic neurons.

Question 11

brainstem cholinergic neurons: projections to? implicated in?

Answer 11

projections to dorsal thalamus, brainstem regions, basal ganglia, hippocampus, hypothalamus. control of REM sleep

Question 12

basal forebrain cholinergic neurons: what 2 parts?

Answer 12

basal nucleus of Meynert = ACh input to cortex. septum = to hippoacmpus

Question 13

to stain for cholinergic neurons: what to use

Answer 13

ChAT, the enzyme that makes ACh from choline and acetyl

Question 14

nAChR: type of receptor? speed? found where? blocked by (2)?

Answer 14

ionotropic, fast excitatory transmission. neuromusc. junctions, brain, autonomic ganglia. d-tubocurarine and a-bungarotoxin

Question 15

mAChR: type, speed, blocked by? used for? subtypes?

Answer 15

G-protein coupled, slow, blocked by atropine. mediate action of parasymp branch of ANS in target tissues. many subtypes: M1 - M5

Question 16

M1 and M3 receptors: what G protein system

Answer 16

Gq: phospholipase C system

Question 17

how does the Gq system work

Answer 17

phospholipase C hydrolzyses PIP2 to DAG and IP3. DAG stays in membran to activate PKC. IP3 releases Ca from intracellular stores. can also increase neuronal exciatbility by shutting M-type K channels

Question 18

M type K channels: other name

Answer 18

KCNQ or Kv 7.2 7.3

Question 19

PIP2 and M -channels?

Answer 19

PIP2 normally makes M-channels stay open. so when PLC hydrolyzes PIP2, M channels close = depolarization, increased excitability

Question 20

M2 receptors couple to?

Answer 20

Gi = inhibits adenylyl cyclase. also couple to GIRK channels aka G protein coupled inwardly rectifying K+ channels

Question 21

ACh action terminated by? which is blocked by?

Answer 21

acetylchoinesterase. blocked by nerve gases and certain insecticides.