Basic Concepts 2

Question 1

ANS control of resp tract: nasal secretions reduced by? nasal decongestants do what?

Answer 1

reduced by attenuating blood flow to nasopharyngeal gland. mimic/potentiate effect of vasoconstrictor sympathetic nerves on nasal blood vessels

Question 2

resp tract: ANS control what two cell types in bronchioles

Answer 2

bronchiole glands, that secrete mucus. ciliated epithelial cells which distribute the mucus

Question 3

lungs get what two types of innervation? what dominates?

Answer 3

cholinergic and adrenergic, but parasympathetic tone dominates

Question 4

ANS controls what in digestive tract

Answer 4

salivary, stomach acid, bile and pancreatic secretion. also controls peristaltic reflex via the enteric NS

Question 5

peristaltic reflex activated by? coordinated by what types of nerves (4)?

Answer 5

activated by tension in the wall of the GI tract. purinergic (ATP), serotoninergic, peptidergic and cholinergic nerves

Question 6

peristatlic reflex: relax or contract what muscles

Answer 6

relax longitudinal muscles in front of bolus = descending inhibition. contraction of circular muscle behind bolus = ascending excitation

Question 7

enteric ENS comprises what two plexa?

Answer 7

(larger) myenteric plexus of Auerbach = peristalsis. submucosal plexus of meisner = secretion

Question 8

enteric ganglia receive what two inputs?

Answer 8

direct excitatory input from CN X (vagus) aka efferent parasympathetic fibers. inhibitory sympathetic nerve input.

Question 9

ANS controls what parts of the urogenital system

Answer 9

renal artery (vasoconstriction = reduces urine output). renin production (which will affect blood volume/pressure). two major smooth muscles in urinary bladder.

Question 10

which two bladder muscles under ANS control, and what they do

Answer 10

detrusor muscle = adjusts bladder volume. internal sphincter = urine is stored in bladder until it is allowed to relax

Question 11

bladder voiding under what control?

Answer 11

ANS control, but we also have an external sphincter under voluntary control

Question 12

ANS control of eyes: what reflex?

Answer 12

fast parasympathetic reflex: pupil constriction in bright light = good examples of ANS integration at a target tissue

Question 13

ANS control of eyes: what nerves do what

Answer 13

parasymp = miosis aka constriction. sympathetic = dilation

Question 14

ANS control of metabolism: coordinates what? targets include?

Answer 14

coordinates storage, mobilization, use of nutrients. targets: liver, thyroid, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, pancreatic islet cells

Question 15

ANS + immune system: esp during? communication?

Answer 15

cross talk especially during stress. immune system cells communicate via production of inflammatory factors and cytokines

Question 16

inflammatory cues can result in?

Answer 16

cells can be removed from blood capillaries in response: then to interstitial space then to lymphatic system then to spleen

Question 17

immune system: what does the ANS do

Answer 17

lymphatic system + spleen innervated by ANS. splanchnic stimulation involves contraction and release of these cells back into circulatory system

Question 18

ANS + IS: most tissues contain ___ and ___ which can __? what two cells are influenced by what from ANS?

Answer 18

mast cells and macrophages, come in close contact with ANS efferents/afferents. circulating lymphocytes and macrophages influenced by hormones produced under influence of ANS

Question 19

during exercise: what is activated? information invokes what?

Answer 19

chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors in muscle. central command to cause autonomic cardiorespiratory pattern

Question 20

baroreceptor reflex: relation between what to things

Answer 20

HR increases = BP decreases. BP increases = HR decreases.

Question 21

resetting of baroreceptors allows?

Answer 21

high heart rates in the presence of elevate aortic pressure (because when you exercise you want HR and BP up)

Question 22

continued exercise: what happens?

Answer 22

ANS elevates vascular resistance in renal/mesenteric vascular beds = cardiac output distributed away from viscera but towards skeletal muscles

Question 23

heat loss: detected by what? activates what 5 things to happen?

Answer 23

decreased skin and blood temp detected by hypothalamus. shivering response and peripheral vasoconstriction. also have decreased HR, respiration, GI motility

Question 24

shivering response: what happens but at the expense of what

Answer 24

metabolic demands of the shivering response promote significant thermogenesis, but at the expense of increased oxygen consumption