Basic Concepts 3

Question 1

ganglion block: what happens to targets under symp tone? ex?

Answer 1

parasymapthetomimetic effects. for example: blood vessels normally constricted, but now will dilate

Question 2

targets under parasymp tone with ganglion block + example

Answer 2

exhibit sympathomimetic effects: for ex heart will speed up after applying hexamethonium

Question 3

4 targets under sympathetic tone

Answer 3

blood vessels: arterioles and veins. spleen. kidney.

Question 4

12 targets under parasympathetic tone

Answer 4

eye: sphincter muscle of iris + ciliary muscle. heart: SA and AV node. lung smooth muscle + glands. GI tract: smooth muscle and sphincters and secretion. bladder: detrussor muscle and sphincter. sweat glands.

Question 5

blood vessels: two types? tone? effect? after ganglionic blockade?

Answer 5

arterioles and veins normally under sympathetic tone = vasoconstriction. block = vasodilation so increased peripheral blood vessel, blushing, hypotension, pooling of blood, decreased venous return, decreased cardiac output

Question 6

spleen and kidney: tone? effect? after ganglionic blockade?

Answer 6

both sympathetic. spleen = contraction of capsule and activation of immune response. block = relaxation. kidney: renin secretion. block = decrease renin, hypotension

Question 7

eye: what two muscles? tone? effect? after ganglionic blockade?

Answer 7

parasymp tone. sphincter muscle of iris normall contracted - miosis. block = mydriasis (dilation). ciliary muscle usually accomodated for near vision, block = far vision

Question 8

heart: what two parts? tone? effect? after ganglionic blockade?

Answer 8

parasymp. SA node decreased HR: block = tachycardia. AV node normally has decreased conduction, block = reduced AV delay

Question 9

lungs: tone? effect? after ganglionic blockade?

Answer 9

parasympthetic tone: normally have contraction of bronchial smooth muscle and secretion. block = bronchodilation and decreased secretion

Question 10

GI tract: tone? effect? after ganglionic blockade?

Answer 10

parasymp. contraction of smooth muscle, relaxation of sphincters, secretion. block = constipation + difficulty in digestion

Question 11

bladder: tone? effect? after ganglionic blockade?

Answer 11

contraction of detrussor muscle, relaxation of sphincter. ganglion block = urinary retention

Question 12

sweat glands: tone? effect? after ganglionic blockade?

Answer 12

normally parasymp, so generalized secretion. ganglion block = anhydrisis or lack of sweating

Question 13

predominance of S/P tone determines?

Answer 13

how much that tissue will respond to systemic admin. of muscarinic or adrenergic blocking agents

Question 14

atropine causes what? why?

Answer 14

mAChR blocker = constipation, tachycardia, dry mouth, urinary retention because gut/cardiac pacemakers/salivary glands/bladder are under cholinergic tone

Question 15

blood vessels under ___ tone, in a tonic state of ____. so admister what will cause what.

Answer 15

adrenergic tone = tonic state of constriction outflow. give a-adrenoreceptor blocker = vasodilation, lower BP

Question 16

ANS is arranged as ?

Answer 16

series of parallel and interacting reflexes

Question 17

symp and parasymp nerves can ? (about reflex to targets)

Answer 17

capable of reflex evoked directed discharge to SPECIFIC targets

Question 18

baroreceptor reflex: decreased aortic blood pressure results in? what parts of the brain?

Answer 18

decreased aortic blood pressure = reduces baroreceptor discharge in carotid sinus, aortic arch, lungas and heart altered afferent information sent to the nucleus tractus solitari and ventrolateral medulla

Question 19

baroreceptor reflex: efferent outflow does what, and how (3)

Answer 19

increases blood pressure via: reduce vagal parasymp outflow to heart. increased symp outflow stimulates cardiac b-adrenoreceptors = increase HR/contraction. increased symp outflow stimulates alpha adrenoceptors in blood vessels - constriction

Question 20

baroreceptor reflex: high blood pressure results in?

Answer 20

increased baroreceptor discharge = activate vagal outflow, decrease sympathetic outflow so you get decreased HR and vasoldilation

Question 21

baroreceptor reflex responsible for ___ control of___

Answer 21

short term, minute to minute control of BP (ex: tachycardia after assuming upright posture

Question 22

if you record from carotid sinus nerve: what happens with increased BP

Answer 22

increase BP = more afferent activity in nerve (higher nerve impulse frequency)

Question 23

relation between: arterial pressure, CSN impulses, sympathetic and parasympathetic impulses

Answer 23

decrease arterial pressure = decreased CSN impulses = decreased parasymp, increased sympathetic. increased BP = increased CSN impulse = increase parasymp, decrease symp

Question 24

sympathetic and feedbaa=ck?

Answer 24

sympathetic nerves that innervate a given target are able to respond to afferent info from that target. may be via spinal, supraspinal, and/or local reflexes involving peripheral ganglia

Question 25

ex of symp + feedback

Answer 25

inferior mesenteric ganglion that exerts inhibitory control over intestinal contractions receives excitatory input from substance P containing fibers that originate in the gut

Question 26

classical example of interaction between CNS and ANS (3)

Answer 26

Pavlov: dogs salivating after emotional cue, blushing with embarassment, frightening situations wher eyou get cutaneous vasodilation + piloerection

Question 27

sympathetic system poised for _____ but also ________

Answer 27

generalized all or none widespread activation, but also can exert reflex invoked control over relatively specific sites and functions

Question 28

autonomic effects determined by what 3 things

Answer 28

autonomic tone, tissue localization and receptor subtypes, reflex and central control