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NS_BTRAN > NS_Embryo > Flashcards

NS_Embryo Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Primary Cerebral Vesicles?

A

Prosencephalon (Forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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2
Q

The Primary Cerebral Vesicles are hollow neural tubes along the ____?___ axis?

A

rostrocaudal

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3
Q

What are the secondary brain vesicles?

A 
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon 
Metencephalon (cranial)
Myelencephalon (caudal
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4
Q

Mesencephalon → ?

A

Mesencephalon & Aqueduct of Sylvius

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5
Q

Prosencephalon (forebrain) →

A

Telencephalon & Diencephalon

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6
Q

Paired Telencephalon → ?

A

cerebral hemisphere; each w/ lateral ventricles

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7
Q

Diencephalon → ? (5)

A 
thalamus
hypothalamus
subthalamus
epithalamus
third ventricle
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8
Q

Rhombencephalon →

A

Metencephalon (cranial)

myelencephalon (caudal)

fourth ventricle.

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9
Q

Metencephalon → ?

A

pons, cerebellum

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10
Q

Myelencephalon → ?

A

medulla

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11
Q

pons, cerebellum, and medulla all come from what secondary cerebral vesicle?

A

Rhombencephalon

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12
Q

Neural Tube → ?

A

Spinal cord and Central Canal

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13
Q

what are Rhombomeres?

A

8 morphologically distinct elements of rhombencephalon.

Cells in each rhombomere differ in morphology, axonal trajectory, NT synthesis, NT selectivity, firing properties, and synapse specificity

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14
Q

What are Morphogens?

A

secreted by anterior and posterior structures, establishing a concentration gradient along AP axis

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15
Q

Basal plate = ____1____

alar plate = ____2_____

sulcus limitans = _____3_____

A

Basal plate = ventral

alar plate = dorsal

sulcus limitans = separating the two

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16
Q

Neural progenitors in cord develop into distinct populations based on position along ____?____ axis

A

dorsal-ventral (DV)

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17
Q

Ventral aspect of neural tube → ?

A

motor neurons

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18
Q

Dorsal aspect of neural tube → ?

A

neurons receiving sensory input from cells of dorsal root ganglion carrying sensory information

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19
Q

Morphogens are secreted by __________ and __________ structures, establishing a concentration gradient along __-axis

A

anterior and posterior

AP axis

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20
Q

What are the morphogens secreted from the Primitive Node?

A

Wnts, FGFs, Retinoic Acid → Caudal structure development

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21
Q

What are the morphogens secreted from the Anterior Visceral Endoderm (underlying prechordal plate)?

A

Cerebrus, dickkopf → Forebrain development

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22
Q

Failed regression of the neurenteric canal results in ____________ and _____.

A

neurenteric fistulas and cysts.

23
Q

Treatment for schizophrenia = block ____ and ____ receptors

A

D2 and 5HT receptors

24
Q

Functions of dopamine include initation of voluntary movement, reward-related behavior, and control of attention.

NE regulates arousal, attention, vigilance, sleep-wake cycle, fear response/anxiety, and mood.

Epinephrine plays a role in regulating blood pressure.

While functions of these neurotransmitters can overlap, the best answer here is voluntary movement as dopamine definitely plays a role in that (while the others do not play a significant role in that type of regulation). Note that DA in the periphery causes vasodilation and hypotension via D1 receptors on vessels.

A

Functions of dopamine include initation of voluntary movement, reward-related behavior, and control of attention.

NE regulates arousal, attention, vigilance, sleep-wake cycle, fear response/anxiety, and mood.

Epinephrine plays a role in regulating blood pressure.

While functions of these neurotransmitters can overlap, the best answer here is voluntary movement as dopamine definitely plays a role in that (while the others do not play a significant role in that type of regulation). Note that DA in the periphery causes vasodilation and hypotension via D1 receptors on vessels.

25
Q

Voltage-gated K+ channels ___1___ up repolarization, ___2___ the duration of the action potential

A
  1. Speeds

2. shortens

26
Q

Walls of neural tube initially are pseudostratified ectoderm called the _____________.

A

neuroepithelial layer

27
Q

Walls of neural tube initially are _________ ectoderm called neuroepithelial layer

A

pseudostratified

28
Q

Walls of neural tube initially are pseudostratified _______ called neuroepithelial layer

A

ectoderm

29
Q

Radial migration: ?

A

Radial Migration: migration away from inner multiplication zone to outer edges of growing wall of neural tube.

(this is happening in the neuroepithelial layer)

30
Q

Radial Migration: migration away from the ____________ zone to outer edges of growing wall of neural tube.

A

inner multiplication zone

31
Q

Neuroepithelial cell layer will form all cellular elements of CNS, except what?

A

Neuroepithelial cell layer will form all cellular elements of CNS (except microglia)

Period of rapid cell replication of daughter cells in this layer anteriorly → cell migration

32
Q

The telencephalon develops in an ____1____ manner when Cells follow ___2___ glial guides → important preceding cells “get off” the ladder before others can follow.

A
  1. “inside-out”

2. radial

33
Q

Cells “decide” to exit cell cycle in M phase after their _______ - thought that nuclear migration contributes to exit from cell cycle

A

birthdate

34
Q

________ cleavage to ventricular surface → both daughter cells remain attached to ventricular surface and continue dividing in cell cycle

A

Perpendicular

35
Q

________ cleavage to ventricular surface → only one daughter cell still attached to ventricular surface → exit cell cycle and begin differentiation.

A

Parallel

36
Q

Parallel cleavage to ventricular surface → ___________ division

A

ASYMMETRIC DIVISION

37
Q

After a cell’s “birthdate” it divides and exits the cell cycle from M phase
Cell then begins _______?

A

neuronal differentiation

38
Q

Neurons that are born at the ____ time tend to end up together in the same layer, and follow similar programs of differentiation

A

same

39
Q

When Myelination Occurs:

A
  • Begins during embryonic stages in periphery
  • CNS myelination first observed in spinal cord near end of first trimester, by third trimester, myelination present in brain
    - Myelination of cortical tracts involved in higher functions occurs after birth
    - Corticospinal tract begins to be myelinated prior to birth, but only extends past medulla after birth
40
Q

Myelination of cortical tracts involved in higher functions occurs before or after birth?

A

after birth

41
Q

Corticospinal tract begins to be myelinated ___1___to birth, but only extends past ___2___ after birth

A
  1. prior to birth

2. medulla

42
Q

Brain Regions of Secondary Neurogenesis: regions of brain that are what?

A

Brain Regions of Secondary Neurogenesis: regions of brain that are hotspots for postnatal neurogenesis

43
Q

Brain Regions of Secondary Neurogenesis: regions of brain that are hotspots for postnatal neurogenesis.

  1. External Granule layer –>
  2. Subventricular zone –>
  3. Dentate Gyrus –>
A
  1. Cerebellum (neurogenesis until age 2)
  2. Olfactory neurons
  3. Hippocampal cells
44
Q

All 3 cell types of secondary zones of neurogenesis share 3 characteristics:

A

All 3 cell types of secondary zones of neurogenesis share 3 characteristics:

1) Arise in ventricular zone
2) migrate before exiting mitotic cycle to a new non-ventricular location
3) Proliferate postnatally in non-ventricular zone locations

45
Q

Granule layer initially located near rim of ___ ventricle, but cells migrate very high on top (near pia) before they are postmitotic to form a new neurogenic “secondary” region = External Granule Layer

A

4th ventricle

46
Q

External granule cell progenitors proliferate and once they exit the cell cycle, migrate to ________ (further down toward ventricle)

A

cerebellum

47
Q

Subventricular Zone - Olfactory Neurons:

Cells initially located in ventricular zone of ______ ventricles → migrate very small distance before exiting mitotic cycle to subventricular zone.

A

lateral ventricle

48
Q

Cells in subventricular zone give rise to olfactory bulb neurons.

Cells exit cell cycle and migrate ______ to location of olfactory bulb

A

rostrally

49
Q

Neurogenesis: the process of generating neural cells. When does it begin?

A

Neurogenesis begins after the neuroectoderm rounds up and forms the neural tube.

50
Q

During Neurogenesis , Proliferating cells are located in ________ (layer nearest to neural tube lumen/ventricle or central canal)

A

ventricular zones

51
Q

Proliferating cells are located in ventricular zones, where is the ventricular zones located.

A

VZ: layer nearest to neural tube lumen/ventricle or central canal

52
Q

Developmental regulation of GABA receptors:

In adult: equilibrium potential (ECl) near or negative to resting membrane potential → GABA is ____1_____

During development: intracellular levels of chloride are elevated, ECl more +
GABA → _____2______

A
  1. inhibitory.

2. depolarization and excitation (excitatory)

53
Q

Down Syndrome:

A

First postnatal years - dendritic spines are abnormally thin and short
May be due to abnormal pruning and/or synapse maturation processes that require neuronal interactions

NS_BTRAN (21 decks)

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