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NS_BTRAN > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior Circulation: from __________ artery → entire cerebral hemisphere except medial occipital lobe and inferior part of temporal lobe

A

internal carotid artery

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2
Q

internal carotid artery give of what two arteries?

A

Anterior cerebral a.

Middle cerebral a.

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3
Q

________ cerebral a. → longitudinal fissure to supply anterior ⅔ of medial face of cerebral hemisphere and orbital cortex

A

Anterior cerebral a.

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4
Q

________ cerebral artery →lateral fissure to supply lateral face of cerebrum (frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes)

A

Middle cerebral a.

Gives off penetrating branches to supply deep white and gray matter of cerebral cortex

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5
Q

Posterior Circulation in the brain comes from what arteries?

A

vertebral arteries

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6
Q

Posterior Circulation supplies what brain regions?

A

brainstem, cerebellum, some cortex (medial occipital, inferior temporal lobe)

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7
Q

At level of pons, vertebral arteries fuse to form _______ artery

A

basilar artery

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8
Q

At level of (what brain region) , vertebral arteries fuse to form basilar artery

A

pons

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9
Q

basilar artery → splits at base of midbrain to form paired _____________ arteries

A

posterior cerebral arteries

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10
Q

paired posterior cerebral arteries → (supplies)

A

medial face of occipital lobe and inferior surface of temporal lobe.

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11
Q

Along course of vertebral/basilar system, circumferential branches wrap around brainstem → dorsal brainstem and overlaying cerebellum. What are the name of these 3 arteries?

A

Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA)

Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (AICA)

Superior Cerebellar Artery (SCA)

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12
Q

___________ Cerebellar Artery : branch off vertebral artery, wraps medulla and supplies most caudal cerebellum

A

Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA)

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13
Q

Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA): branch off vertebral artery, wraps ________ and supplies most caudal cerebellum

A

medulla

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14
Q

Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA): branch off vertebral artery, wraps medulla and supplies most of the _________

A

caudal cerebellum

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15
Q

___________ Cerebellar Artery: branch off basilar artery, wraps caudal pons, supplies anterior/inferior cerebellum

A

Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (AICA)

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16
Q

Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (AICA): branch off basilar artery, wraps around the _________, supplies anterior/inferior cerebellum

A

caudal pons

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17
Q

Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (AICA): branch off basilar artery, wraps caudal pons, supplies the __________

A

anterior/inferior cerebellum

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18
Q

Of the PICA, AICA, and SCA, which one branches from the basilar a.?

A

AICA

SCA

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19
Q

Of the PICA, AICA, and SCA, which one branches from the vertebral a.?

A

PICA

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20
Q

The entire blood flow to CNS can be supplied via any of which 3 major vessels?

A

L Carotid, R Carotid, or Basilar artery

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21
Q

What arterial vessel system connects anterior and posterior circulation systems at base of brain?

A

Circle of Willis

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22
Q

CSF gets reabsorbed through _______ space

A

subarachnoid

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23
Q

What structure connects lateral ventricles with 3rd ventricle (one for each lateral ventricle)

A

Interventricular foramen

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24
Q

What structure connects 3rd and 4th ventricles?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

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25
Q

______ apertures connect 4th ventricle with subarachnoid space.

A

Three apertures (two lateral, one caudal) connect 4th ventricle with subarachnoid space.

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26
Q

Ependyma: ?

A

Ependyma: single cell layer lining ventricles

Leaky → CSF in ventricles exchanges freely with ECF in interstitial space in brain

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27
Q

What are the specialized ependymal cells that produce CSF?

A

Choroid Plexus:

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28
Q

How much CFS is produced by the choroid plexus everyday?

A

500ml.

only 125ml of CSF in NS at any time

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29
Q

Resorption of CSF is done by the ______________ that line principal dural sinuses

A

arachnoid granulations

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30
Q

____________ Hydrocephalus: flow of CSF interrupted (e.g. by block of interventricular foramen of cerebral aqueduct)

A

Non-Communicating Hydrocephalus

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31
Q

__________ Hydrocephalus: CSF gets into subarachnoid space, but isn’t resorbed properly into the bloodstream

A

Communicating Hydrocephalus

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32
Q

The Meninges:

___?___: single cell layer covering outside of CNS, not separable from brain surface.

A

Pia

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33
Q

The Meninges:

___?___: loose spongy layer between pia and dura
Subarachnoid space filled with CSF.

A

Arachnoid

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34
Q

The Meninges:

____?____: leathery layer closely applied to cranium, but loose on spinal column.

A

Dura

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35
Q

Local increase in neuronal activity → increase in local blood flow. This is known as what?

A

Functional Hyperemia

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36
Q

Functional Hyperemia is the basis what which clinical tool?

A

basis for fMRI and PET scans)

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37
Q

Type of imaging of the brain:

___1___ uses intrinsic properties of Hgb to measure blood flow.

___2___ scans uses injected tracer

A
  1. fMRI

2. PET

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38
Q

What are the two mechanisms of Functional Hyperemia?

A

1) NO released by neurons diffuses to reach local vessels to cause dilation
2) Astrocytes (see below)

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39
Q

Why substances in circulatory system do not freely enter brain parenchyma?

A

Capillaries in brain are NOT fenestrated, connected by tight junctions → requires diffusion or transport through endothelial cell
BBB maintained by astrocytes - tell endothelial cells to maintain tight junctions

40
Q

How do Astrocyte regulation of local blood flow in proportion to neuronal activity?

A

Astrocyte “foot processes” extend towards local blood vessels, contact vessel walls → carry nutrients and oxygen from vessels to neurons and regulates vessel function.

Increased neuronal activity → increased astrocytes uptake of glutamate (most prevalent NT) → causes release of arachidonic acid in astrocytes → arachidonic acid converted by P450 enzyme to form epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) → astrocyte EET released and acts to hyperpolarize arteriole membrane → decrease vascular tone → larger lumen → increased blood flow.

41
Q

Describe what neural cells are regenerated during MINOR damage in the PNS?

A

distal portion of nerve ending degenerates, but regeneration begins from end still attached to cell body

Regeneration of axons along course of original nerve, facilitated by Schwann cells

Schwann cells clear myelin debris, then line endoneurium to form substrate for outgrowth of axons from cut stump of nerve

42
Q

What are the long term effects of MINOR damage in the PNS?

A

alterations in sensory perception in affected area (hypersensitivity, hyperalgesia, allodynia)
Response of local microglia upregulate cytokines and trophic factors, and reorganization of synapses→ activate astrocytes

43
Q

In the PNS, _______ clear myelin debris, then line endoneurium to form substrate for outgrowth of axons from cut stump of nerve

A

Schwann cells

44
Q

After damage, what do Oligodendrocytes during regeneration in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes do not clear myelin debris - proliferate and upregulate expression of molecules (chondrotin, sulfate proteoglycans) that inhibit axonal outgrowth

Axons do not regrow!

45
Q

After damage, what do Microglia during regeneration in the CNS?

A

Microglia activate local astrocytes to form glial scar → chemical and physical barrier to neuronal regeneration

46
Q

Microglia activate local __(what cell type____ to form glial scar → chemical and physical barrier to neuronal regeneration

A

Microglia activate local astrocytes to form glial scar → chemical and physical barrier to neuronal regeneration

47
Q

Where do microglia arise from embryologically?

A

Arise embryologically outside neural tube, from hematopoietic tissues

48
Q

Do astrocytes help to maintain the BBB?

49
Q

Describe how astrocytes maintain ionic equilibrium of neural cells by taking up K+ and neurotransmitter?

A

Glutamate (convert glutamate to glutamine → glutamine back to local neurons → neurons convert glutamine back to glutamate)

50
Q

Precentral Gyrus = _____ cortex

A

motor cortex

51
Q

Postcentral Gyrus = ______ cortex

A

somatosensory cortex

52
Q

Anterior Cerebral Artery

A

Supplies most medial portions of frontal lobes and superior medial parietal lobes

53
Q

Anterior Communicating Artery

A

Connects the anterior cerebral arteries at their closest juncture

54
Q

Internal Carotid Artery

A

Ascends through base of skull to give rise to the anterior and middle cerebral arteries, and connect with posterior half of circle of Willis via posterior communicating artery

55
Q

Middle Cerebral Artery

A

Trifurcates into temporal, frontal, and parietal branches that supply most of the parenchyma of these lobes

56
Q

Posterior Communicating Artery

A

Connects the anterior circle of Willis with the posterior cerebral artery of vertebral-basilar circulation posteriorly

57
Q

Posterior Cerebral Artery

A

Supplies the occipital lobe and the inferior portion of temporal lobe. A branch supplies the choroid plexus.

58
Q

Superior Cerebellar Artery

A

Supplies the dorsal cerebellum, pons, and midbrain

59
Q

Basilar Artery

A

Formed by the junction of the two vertebral arteries, it terminates as a bifurcation into the posterior cerebral arteries

60
Q

Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery

A

Supplies the inferior cerebellum and portions of pons and medulla

61
Q

Vertebral Artery

A

The vertebrals emerge from the posterior base of skull and merge to form the basilar artery

62
Q

Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery

A

Supplies the inferior-posterior cerebellum, choroid plexus in 4th ventricle, and portions of medulla

63
Q

Anterior Spinal Artery

A

Descends along the anterior (ventral) aspect of the spinal cord

64
Q

_________ matter is comprised of myelinated structures (axons) that have a high lipid content.

A

White matter

65
Q

The glial environment in the _____ (CNS or PNS) prevents axonal regeneration.

The glial environment in the _____ (CNS or PNS) does NOT prevent axonal regeneration.

66
Q

________ and peripheral neurons originate from the neural crest cells.

A

Schwann Cells

67
Q

Microglia originate from which embryological germ later?

68
Q

CNS Neurons, ependymal cells, oligodendrocyte and astrocytes originate from the ?

A

NeuroECTOderm

69
Q

The _______ is the sensory relay point within the brain.

70
Q

________ is the conversion of a normally innoculus stimulus to a painful sensation. It usually occurs after damage to peripheral neurons that is followed by abnormal regeneration.

71
Q

________ = the location at which neuronal tracts cross the midline forming an X

A

Decussation

72
Q

________ = picture of human projected onto a brain.

A

Humunculus

73
Q

________ = neurons that cross the midline and DO NOT make an X

74
Q

_________ = topographic relationship of brain with body

A

Somatotopy

75
Q

What continually reabsorb CSF, and can send hormonal signals back into the blood stream.

A

Dural Sinuses

76
Q

CSF is made in the _________ and flows unidirectionally through the brain until it reaches the hindbrain -> subarachnoid space -> veins.

A

choroid plexus

77
Q

Of the 500mL of CSF made by the choroid plexus each day, only about ___ mL exists in the CNS at a given time due to constant re-absorption of CSF by the dural sinuses.

78
Q

CSF is made in the ___1___ ventricles and drains into the ___2___ ventricle before being reabsorbed into veins. CSF flow through the brain is thus unidirectional.

A
  1. LATERAL

2. THIRD

79
Q

The ______ Cerebral Artery supplies the somatomotor regions of the face/hands/feet on the side contralateral to the presenting symptoms.

A

Middle Cerebral Artery

80
Q

The ______ cerebral artery supplies the inferior aspect of the temporal lobe and the medial aspect of the occipital lobe.

A

posterior cerebral artery (PCA)

81
Q

Conduction velocity _________ as:

1) the diameter increases
2) higher density of sodium channels
3) increased membrane thickness (making the mebrane less “leaky” to ions)

82
Q

What embryological region is the secondary site for olfactory bulb cells.

A

Sub-ventricular zone

83
Q

What embryological region is the secondary site for cerebellar cells?

A

External Granular Layer

84
Q

Dentate gyrus is the secondary site for ________ cell

A

hippocampal

85
Q

Cells in ?-phase are going to be located most superficially (closest to the pia) in the VZ.

86
Q

What is the hotspots of neurogenesis after birth?

A

the secondary Zones

87
Q

Lumen of the diencephalon = ____ ventricle

A

third ventricle

88
Q

The alar plate will become the ________ parts of spinal cord and get input from corresponding dermatomes.

A

sensory (dorsal)

89
Q

_____ plate = motor, and will send info to its corresponding myotome

90
Q

Telencephalon = cerebrum and lateral ventricles (choroid plexus)

Diencephalon = thalamus, hypothalamus, 3rd ventricles

Mesencephalon = midbrain, cerebral aqueduct

Metancephalon = pons, cerebellum, part of 4th ventricle

Myelencephalon = Medulla, part of 4th ventricle

A

Telencephalon = cerebrum and lateral ventricles (choroid plexus)

Diencephalon = thalamus, hypothalamus, 3rd ventricles

Mesencephalon = midbrain, cerebral aqueduct

Metancephalon = pons, cerebellum, part of 4th ventricle

Myelencephalon = Medulla, part of 4th ventricle

91
Q

_______ –> Medulla

A

Myelencephalon

92
Q

What neural cells is injured in MS, progressive leukoencephalopathy (PML), and leukodytropies?

A

Oligodendrocytes

93
Q

Issues with ACA (artery) shows what Sx?

A

contralateral paralysis and sensory loss–lower limb

94
Q

Issues with MCA (artery) shows what Sx?

A

Contralateral paralysis and sensory loss–face and UPPER LIMB

95
Q

_____ column (spinal column) = pressure, vibration, touch, proprioception.

96
Q

_________ tract (spinal) = pain and temperature

A

Lateral Spinothalamic tract (anteriolateral [AL])

NS_BTRAN (21 decks)

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