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Chamberlain College of Nursing > NR 224: Fundamentals Exam 2 (Ch. 45 Urinary Elimination) > Flashcards

NR 224: Fundamentals Exam 2 (Ch. 45 Urinary Elimination) Flashcards

1
Q

Anuria

A

failure of the kidneys to produce urine

Potter 1045

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2
Q

Bacteremia

A

bacteria in the bloodstream

Potter 1046

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3
Q

Bacteriuria

A

bacteria in the urine

Potter 1046

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4
Q

Catheterization

A

introduction of a catheter into a body cavity or organ to inject or remove fluid
(Potter 1061)

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5
Q

Cystitis

A

irritated bladder caused by frequent & urgency of needing to void
(Potter 1047)

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6
Q

Diuresis

A

increased rate of formation & excretion or urine

Potter 1045

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7
Q

Dysuria

A

painful urination resulting from bacterial infection of the bladder & obstructive conditions of the urethra
(Potter 1047)

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8
Q

Erythropoietin

A

a hormone secreted by the kidneys that increases the rate of production of RBCs in response to decrease of O2 levels in the tissues
(Potter 1043)

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9
Q

Hematuria

A

Abnormal presence of blood in the urine

Potter 1047

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10
Q

Hyperactive/Overactive Bladder

A

common bladder complaint that occurs more frequently with aging & includes the symptoms of urgency, frequency, nocturia, urge incontinence
(Potter 1047)

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11
Q

Meatus

A

(Potter 1051)

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12
Q

Micturition

A

Urination; act of passing or expelling urine voluntarily through the urethra
(Potter 1044)

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13
Q

Nephron

A

functional unit of the kidneys, forms the urine

Potter 1043

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14
Q

Nephrostomy

A

procedure where a tube is place directly into the renal pelvis
(Potter 1047)

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15
Q

Nocturia

A

urination at night; can be a symptom of renal disease or may occur in persons who drink excessive amounts of fluids before bedtime
(Potter 1045)

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16
Q

Nocturnal Enuresis

A

nighttime voiding without awakening (bedwetting)

Potter 1049

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17
Q

Oliguria

A

decreased of urine output despite of normal intake

Potter 1045

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18
Q

Overflow Incontinence

A

bladder is overly full & bladder pressure exceeds sphincter pressure, resulting in involuntary leakage of urine
(Potter 1044)

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19
Q

Pelvic Floor Exercises (Kegel Exercises)

A

(Potter 1066)

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20
Q

Polyuria

A

An excessive output of urine

Potter 1045

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21
Q

Proteinuria

A

presence of large protein in the urine (sign of glomerular injury)
(Potter 1043)

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22
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

(Potter 1047)

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23
Q

Reflex Incontinence

A

damage to the spinal cord above the sacral region -> loss of voluntary control of urination while reflex pathway is intact but no sensation of needing to void
(Potter 1044)

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24
Q

Renal Calculus

A

an obstruction within a ureter (ex: kidney stone), results in strong peristaltic wave that attempt to move the obstruction into the bladder
(Potter 1044)

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25
Q

Renal Replacement Therapy

A

treatments for those with uremic syndromes

Potter 1045

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26
Q

Renin

A

proteolytic enzyme produced by & store in the juxtaglomerular apparatus that surrounds each arteriole as it enters a glomerulus. The enzyme affects the BP by catalyzing the change of angiotensinogen to angiotensin (strong repressor).
(Potter 1043)

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27
Q

Residual Urine

A

volume of urine remaining in the bladder after a normal voiding; the bladder normally is almost completely empty after micturition
(Potter 1046)

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28
Q

Specific Gravity

A

(Potter 1053)

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29
Q

Stoma

A

artificially created opening between a body cavity & the surface of the body (ex: colostomy formed from a portion of the colon pulled thru the abdominal wall)
(Potter 1046)

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30
Q

Uremic Syndrome

A

an increase in nitrogenous wastes in the blood, marked fluid & electrolyte abnormalities, NV, HA, coma, and convulsions
(Potter 1045)

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31
Q

Urge Incontinence

A

(Potter 1047)

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32
Q

Urinalysis

A

(Potter 1053)

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33
Q

Urinary Diversion

A

(Potter 1046)

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34
Q

Urinary Frequency

A

(Potter 1049)

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35
Q

Urinary Incontinence

A

a type of urinary incontinence that results from sudden, involuntary contraction of the muscles of the urinary bladder, resulting in an urge to urinate
(Potter 1047)

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36
Q

Urinary Retention

A

retention of urine in the bladder; condition frequently caused by a temporary loss of muscle function
(Potter 1046)

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37
Q

Urosepsis

A

organisms in the bloodstream

Potter 1046

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38
Q

Ureters

A

tubular structures that enter the urinary bladder

Potter

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39
Q

Factors Influencing Urination

A

Disease Conditions, Sociocultural Factors, Psychological Factors, Fluid Balance, Surgical Procedures, Medications, & Diagnostic Examination

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40
Q

Alterations in Urinary Elimination

A

Urinary Retention, UTIs, Urinary Incontinence, & Urinary Diversions

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41
Q

Factors in a patient’s history that normally affect urination:

A

age, environmental factors, medication history, psychological factors, muscle tones, fluid balance, current surgical or diagnostic procedures, presence of disease conditions

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42
Q

Primary structures that need to be assess due to severity of urinary elimination problems:

A

skin and mucosal membranes, kidneys, bladder, & urethral meatus

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43
Q

(Table 45-1) Common Types of Urinary Alterations

A

Urgency, Dysuria, Frequency, Hesitancy, Polyuria, Oliguria, Nocturia, Dribbling, Incontinence, Hematuria, Retention, Residual Urine

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44
Q

Assessment of Urine involves

A

measuring patient’s fluid Intake/Output & observing characteristics of the urine

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45
Q

Characteristics of Urine

A

color, clarity, & odor

46
Q

Types of Urine Tests

A

Urinalysis, Specific Gravity, Urine Culture

47
Q

What are the common symptoms to urinary disturbances?

A

frequency, urgency, dysuria, polyuria, oliguria, incontinence, & difficulty in starting the urinary stream

48
Q

When collected properly, a clean-voided urine specimen does not contain:

A

bacteria from the urethral meatus

49
Q

Incontinence is classified as

A

functional, overflow, stress, urge, or total

50
Q

Increases diluted urine formation that reduces the risk of urinary tract infections results an ______ fluid intake

A

increased

51
Q

an indwelling urinary catheter that remains in the bladder for an extended period makes:

A

the risk for infection greater

52
Q

a female patient reports that she is experiencing burning on urination, frequency, & urgency. The nurse notes that a clean-voided urine specimen is markedly cloudy. The Probable cause of these symptoms & findings is:

A

cystitis

53
Q

A male patient returned from the operating room 6 hours ago with a cast on his right arm. He has not yet voided. Which action would be the most beneficial in assisting the patient to void?

A

suggest he stand at the bedside

54
Q

Elimination changes that results from inability of the bladder to empty properly may cause what?

A

incontinence, frequency, urgency, urinary retention, & UTI

55
Q

An older male patient states that he is having problems starting and stopping his stream of urine and he feels the urgency to void. The best way to assist this patient is to:

A

have him practice Crede’s method

56
Q

Since removal of the patient’s Foley catheter, the patient has voided 50 to 100mL every 2 to 3 hours. Which action should the nurse take first?

A

check for bladder distention

57
Q

To minimize the patient experiencing nocturia, the nurse would teach him or her to:

A

limit fluids before bedtime

58
Q

A patient with a Foley catheter carries the collection bag at waist level when ambulation. The nurse tells the patient that he or she is at risk for:

A

Infection & Reflux of urine

59
Q

The patient is incontinent, & a condom catheter is placed. The nurse should take which action?

A

assess the patient for skin irritation

60
Q

After a transurethral prostatectomy a patient returns to his room with a triple-lumen indwelling catheter & continuous bladder irrigation. The irrigation is normal saline at 150mL/hr. The nurse empties the drainage bag for a total of 2520mL after an 8-hour period. How much of the total is urine output?

A

1320mL

61
Q

The nurse is planning to remove a Foley catheter at 1300. The nurse would check if the patient has voided by:

A

1700

62
Q

The patient is to have an intravenous pyelogram (IVP). What should you do for this procedure?

A

Note any allergies & encourage fluids after the procedure.

63
Q

The nurse assesses that the patient has a full bladder, and the patient states that he or she is having difficulty voiding. The nurse would teach the patient to:

A

use Crede’s method

64
Q

The patient states that she “loses urine” every time she laughs or coughs. The nurse teaches the patient measures to regain urinary control. The nurse recognizes the need for further teaching when the patient states:

A

“I drink two glasses of wine with dinner.”

65
Q

The nurse notes that the patient’s Foley catheter bag has been empty for 4 hours. The priority action would be to:

A

check for kinks in the tubing

66
Q

Renal Calculi

A

calcium stones in the renal pelvis

67
Q

urinary elimination depends on the functions of the:

A

kidneys, ureters, bladder & urethra

68
Q

Process of urinary elimination

A

kidneys remove wastes from blood to form urine -> ureters transport urine from kidneys to bladder -> bladder holds urine -> urine leaves the body thru the urethra

69
Q

where are the kidneys located?

A

they lie on either side of the vertebral column behind the peritoneum & against the deep muscles of the back

70
Q

The kidney is compose of what structures?

A

glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule & collecting duct

71
Q

what is the normal adult urine output average?

A

1200-1500 mL/day

72
Q

an output

A

possible circulatory, blood volume, or renal alterations

73
Q

ischemia

A

decreased blood supply

74
Q

angiotensinogen

A

a substance synthesized by the liver

75
Q

In what organ is angiotensin 1 converted to angiotensin 2?

A

lungs

76
Q

Angiotensin 2 causes

A

vasoconstriction & stimulates aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex

77
Q

aldosterone causes _____ of water, which _______ blood volume

A

retention; increases

78
Q

The kidneys produces what other two hormones that helps maintain renal blood flow thru vasodilation & these mechanisms increases _______ & _________.

A

prostaglandin E2 & prostacyclin; arterial blood pressure & renal blood flow

79
Q

Bladder

A

hollow, distensible, muscular organ (detrusor muscle) that stores & excretes urine

80
Q

trigone

A

a smooth triangular area on the inner surface of the bladder located at the base of the bladder

81
Q

What are the brain structures that influence bladder functioning?

A

cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, & brainstem

82
Q

bladder capacity generally ranges from?

A

600-1000mL of urine

83
Q

a normal adult normally void how often?

A

q 2-4h

84
Q

Causes of overflow incontinence

A

head injury, spinal injury, multiple sclerosis, diabetes, trauma to the urinary system & postanesthesia sedative/hypnotics, tricyclics & analgesia

85
Q

Hyperreflexia

A

a life - threatening problem affecting the HR & BP

86
Q

What causes Hyperreflexia

A

overly full bladder

87
Q

Disease Conditions: Prerenal

A

decreased blood flow to & thru the kidney

88
Q

Disease Conditions: Renal

A

disease conditions of the renal tissue

89
Q

Disease Conditions: Postrenal

A

obstruction in the lower urinary tract that prevents urine flow from the kidneys

90
Q

Conditions of the lower urinary tract includes

A

narrowing of the urethra, altered innervation of the bladder, or weakened pelvic and/or perineal muscles

91
Q

_______ & _________ (ex: multiple sclerosis) causes changes in nerve functions that can lead to possible loss of bladder tone, reduced sensation of bladder fullness, or inability to inhibit bladder contractions

A

diabetes mellitus & neuromuscular diseases

92
Q

Older men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) are at risk for

A

urinary retention & incontinence

93
Q

what are the 2 methods of renal placement?

A

dialysis & organ transplantation

94
Q

What are the 2 forms of dialysis?

A

peritoneal dialysis & hemodialysis

95
Q

Forms of dialysis: Peritoneal dialysis-

A

is an indirect method of cleaning the blood of waste products using osmosis
& diffusion, with the peritoneum functioning as a semipermeable membrane

96
Q

Forms of dialysis: Hemodialysis-

A

requires a machine equipped with a semipermeable filtering membrane (artificial kidney) that removes accumulated waste products & excess fluids from the blood

97
Q

Organ transplantation

A

is the replacement of a patient’s diseased kidney with a healthy one from a living or cadaver donor of compatible blood & tissue type

98
Q

(Box 45-1) What are some indications for Dialysis?

A

renal failure that can no longer be controlled by conservative management, worsening or uremic syndrome, & severe electrolyte and/or fluid abnormalities (ex: hyperkalemia & pulmonary edema)

99
Q

A female patient reports that she is experiencing burning on urination, frequency, and urgency. The nurse notes that a clean-voided urine specimen is markedly cloudy. The probable cause of these symptoms and findings is:

A

Cystitis (cloudy urine due to bacterial and white cells)

100
Q

A male patient returned from the operating room 6 hours ago with a cast on his right arm. He has not yet voided. Which action would be the most beneficial in assisting the patient to void?

A

suggest he stand at the bedside

101
Q

Elimination changes that result from inability of the bladder to empty properly may cause:

A

Incontinence, Frequency, Urgency, Urinary Retention, & UTI

102
Q

An older male patient states that he is having problems starting and stopping his stream of urine and he feels the urgency to void. The best way to assist this patient is to:

A

Initiate Kegel exercises

103
Q

Since removal of the patient’s Foley catheter, the patient has voided 50 to 100 mL every 2 to 3 hours. Which action should the nurse take first?

A

check for bladder distention

104
Q

To minimize the patient experiencing nocturia, the nurse would teach him or her to:

A

limit fluids before bedtime

105
Q

A patient with a Foley catheter carries the collection bag at waist level when ambulating. The nurse tells the patient that he or she is at risk for:

A

Infection & Reflux of urine

106
Q

The patient is incontinent, and a condom catheter is placed. The nurse should take which action?

A

assess the patient for skin irritation

107
Q

The nurse directs the NAP to remove a Foley catheter at 1300. The nurse would check if the patient has voided by:

A

1700 (q4h)

108
Q

The postoperative patient has difficulty voiding after surgery and is feeling “uncomfortable” in the lower abdomen. Which action should the nurse implement first?

A

turn on the bathroom faucet as he tries to void

109
Q

The patient is to have an intravenous pyelogram (IVP). What is done during the procedure?

A

note any allergies & encourage fluids after the procedure

110
Q

The nurse assesses that the patient has a full bladder, and the patient states that he or she is having difficulty voiding. The nurse would teach the patient to:

A

use Credes’s method

111
Q

The patient states that she “loses urine” every time she laughs or coughs. The nurse teaches the patient measures to regain urinary control. The nurse recognizes the need for further teaching when the patient states:

A

“I drink 2 glasses of wine with dinner.”

112
Q

The nurse notes that the patient’s Foley catheter bag has been empty for 4 hours. The priority action would be to:

A

check for kinks in the tubing

Chamberlain College of Nursing (6 decks)

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