NR 222: Health & Wellness Exam 2 Flashcards
A 6 month old child from Guatemala was adopted by an American family in Indiana. The child’s socialization into the American midwestern culture is best described as what?
Enculturation
To enhance their cultural awareness, nursing students need to make an in-depth self-examination of their own what?
background, recognizing personal biases and prejudices
Culture strongly influences pain expression and need for pain medication. Culture pain is
suffered by a patient whose valued way of life is disregarded by practitioners
When an individual identifies equally with two or more cultural this is known as
Biculturalism or multiculturalism
The process of acquiring specific knowledge, skills and attitudes to ensure delivery of culturally congruent care is known as
cultural competence
an in-depth self-examination of one’s own background, recognizing biases, prejudices, and assumptions about other people is known as
cultural awareness
being able to assess social, cultural, and biophysical facts influencing treatment and care of patients is known as
cultural skills
What are the two distinct categories of healers that are cross-culturally?
naturalistic practitioners and personalistic practitioners
which practitioner is attribute illness to natural, impersonal, and biological forces that cause alteration in the equilibrium of the human body?
naturalistic practitioner
which practitioner believe that an external agent (sorcerer, ghost, evil, &deity) causes health and illness?
personalistic practitioners
the umbrella term that includes disparities in health and in healthcare is called:
health disparities
the accomplishment of the highest level of health for all people is called
health equity
Which type of migration involves immigrants leaving their homeland for a more positive experience (permanent or sojourner)?
voluntary migration
Which type of migration involves fleeing or being forced out of the homeland to another country?
involuntary migration
Ethnicity is known as
sharing of customs, food, dress, language and the sense of collective identity (distinctiveness)
List some characteristics of Arab Americans
- Religions: Christianity, Judaism, Islam
- Role of acculturation
- Mental health
- Teenage smoking
- Barriers to care: religious belief and practices, cultural norms/modesty, gender issues regarding providers, communication difficulty, folk remedies
List some characteristics of Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders
- largest group
- value education
- health concerns & care issue: diabetes, high BP, cholesterol
- family oriented
- Taosim: foundation of Chinese medicine (folk remedies/alternative treatment)
List some characteristic of Latino and/or hispanic americans
-ethnic representation
-health concerns
Lack of preventive care/insurance
Leading cause is cardiovascular disease
List some characteristics of blacks/african americans
- health concerns and care issues: higher cancer deaths, HIV, Hypertension, Obesity and mental health concerns
- barriers to care: poverty, lack of health insurance
- centered on family and religion
List some characteristics of Native Americans/Alaskan Natives
- minority group
- lower education and income levels
- health concerns and care issues: linked to social and economic conditions, smoking, substance abuse, diabetes, suicide, homicide, pneumonia
List some characteristics of homeless
- poverty, instability or absence of connections to family, housing, place
- lack of employment
- substance abuse
Emerging population includes whom
Ethnic minorities and homeless people
The ethnic population includes whom
Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders, Blacks/African Americans, Latinos/Hispanic Americans, Native Americans and Arab Americans
Define race
Associated with power and indexes the history or ongoing imposition of one group’s authority above another
Define ethnicity
Ethnicity focuses on differences in meanings, values, and ways of living (practices)
Minority groups consists of what
Of people who are living within a society in which they are usually disadvantaged in relation to power, control of their own lives, and wealth
Define culture
Refers to integrated patterns of human behavior that include the language, thoughts, communications, actions, customs, beliefs, values, and institutions of racial, religious, or social groups
Define values
Values are beliefs about the worth of something and serve as standards that influence behavior and thinking
Define folk healing system
It embodies the beliefs, values, and treatment approaches of a particular group that are products of cultural development
The increasing number of ethnic groups in the United States has been influenced by what?
Increasing immigration
(Increasing population of immigrants has been a significant contributor to the presence of increasing numbers of major ethnic groups in the U.S.)
The nurse recognizes that a minority group is perceived as?
People who receive less than their share of wealth, power, and social status
Arab Americans are at high risk for what disease?
Adult-onset diabetes
Also cardiovascular disease including obesity, age, gender, and low employment rates
What are the health concerns for Arab Americans?
Mental illness and tobacco consumption amount adolescents
Priority nursing assessments of Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders should be on which disease process?
COPD
(They have a high prevalence and risk factors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Hep B, HIV/AIDS, smoking, TB, and liver disease
Priority nursing assessments of Latinos/Hispanic Americans should focus on what disease process, because of its higher incidence in this population?
Cardiovascular
(Cardiovascular is #1 & Cancer is #2 causes of morbidity and mortality; Diabetes is twice as prevalent In Latinos/Hispanics as non-Hispanic White Americans)
What two groups comprise emerging populations in the United States?
Ethnic minorities and homeless
Cultural competency in health care includes what 3 things
- Major element in eliminating health disparities
- Health care providers must be aware of how people interpret their health issues or illnesses
- Health care are to be provided that respectful of and responsive to the diverse health beliefs of the care recipient
Which care act puts consumers back in charge of their health care?
Affordable care act
Payment arrangement for health care providers such as nurses or practitioners where you pay a set amount for each enrolled person assigned to them is
Capitation rate
Payment model where services are unbundled and paid for separately
Fee-for-service
This person has a role of the primary care provider who coordinates and oversees an individual’s care is known as the
Gatekeeper
This is a newer model for providing primary care in a medical practice in which physicians charge individuals a membership fee averaging $1,500 to $1,900 per year in return enhanced healthcare services/amenities is what kind of care?
Concierge care
Individuals who do not have employer insurance coverage through public/private insurance is known as
Healthcare insurance exchanges
This organization provides/arranges managed care for health insurance, self-funded health care benefit plans, individuals, and other entities in the U.S. that acts as a liaison with health care providers on a pre-paid basis
Health maintenance organizations (HMOs)
This is a tax-advantaged medical savings available to tax payers in the U.S. who are enrolled in a high deductible health plan
Health savings account (HSA)
This is a health insurance plan with lower premiums and higher deductibles than a traditional health plan
High-deductible health insurance plan (HDHPs)
These people are physicians who care for you awhile when you are hospitalized
Hospitalists
An association that contracts with independent physicians and provider services to manage care organizations on a negotiated per capital rate, flat retainer fee, or negotiated fee-for-service basis
Independent practice association
An arrangement by which a company/government agency provides a guarantee of compensation for specified loss, damage illness, or death in return for payment of a premium
Insurance
Type of health insurance that contracts with health care providers and medical facilities to provide care at reduced costs
Managed care
This is a Social health care program for families and individuals with low income and limited resources
Medicaid
This is a federal health care plan for people aged 65 years + and certain younger people with disabilities
Medicare
This is a residential facility for people with chronic illness or disability, and older people with mobility and eating problems
Nursing centers
This is a plan enfolded in response to concern with restrictions of consumers choice in selecting providers and services
Point-of-service (POS) plans
This is a health plan generally consisting of hospital and physician providers
Preferred care provider (PCP)
This is a group of doctors, hospitals, and other health care providers who come together to give high quality care to their medical patients
Accountable care organizations (ACOs)
This is an umbrella term for nurses who practice in the roles of nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, nurse midwives, or CRNAs who are well suited to provide cost effective quality care to individuals and/or families
Advanced practice nurses (APNs)
Personal guarantees and freedoms that the government cannot take away
Civil liberties
This agency is based on an individual’s ability to make moral judgments
Moral agency
The act of committing harm or evil
Maleficence
Doing something from custom or habit
Moral
the attitude or action, organization, that protects people and gives them what they need but not give them any responsibility or freedom of choice
Paternalism
Activities performed by an individual or group on behalf of a health care organization to address systemic ethic issues
Preventive ethics
This process is for getting permission before conducting a healthcare intervention on a person
Informed consent
Normative ethical theory that a morally good action is one that helps the greatest number of people
Utilitarian theory
This theory encompasses a range of approaches to understand how, why, and to what degree a person appreciate things
Value theory
A view that everyone deserves equal economic, political, and social rights and opportunities
Social justice
Reliance on a person to carry out responsibilities/promises based on sense of safety, honesty, and reliability
Trust
the cultural modification of an individual, group, or people by adapting to or borrowing traits from another culture is known as
acculturation
to adopt the ways of another culture, to fully become a part of a different society, country, etc
assimilation
which cultural care adapts or negotiates with the patient/families to achieve beneficial or satisfying health outcomes
cultural care accommodation or negotiation
which cultural care retains and/or preserve relevant care values so patients are able to maintain their well-being, recover from illness, or face handicaps and/or health
cultural care preservation or maintenance
which cultural care reorders, changes, or greatly modifies a patient’s/family’s customs for a new, different and beneficial health care pattern
cultural care patterning or restructing
when using one’s own values and customs as an absolute guide in interpreting behaviors that is known as
cultural impostition
the care that fits the people’s valued life patterns and set of meanings- which is generated from the people themselves, rather than predetermined criteria
cultural congruent care
the significant historical experiences of a particular group is known as
ethnohistory
having or based on the idea that your own group or culture is better or more important than others is known as
ethnocentric
nonblood kin; considered family in some collective cultures is called
fictive
Carla refuses to ambulate without an abdominal binder during her postpartum stay in the hospital. of what belief is this a manifestation?
cultural belief that air would enter the uterus
a comparative study of cultures to understand similarities and difference across human groups
transcultural nursing
the process by which an individual learns the traditional content of a culture and assimilates its practices and values
enculturation
when viewing other ways as inferior, unnatural, or even barbaric, can serve as a major obstacle in establishing and maintaining good working relationships with consumers of health care services
ethnocentric perspective
define ethnic
refers to a group of people who share a common and distinctive culture and who are members of a specific group
in the private sector, which organization provides health care insurance that includes independent prepayment plans?
Health Maintenance Organization (HMO)
define self-insurance
are those in which either the employers takes on the role of insurer or the enrollee sets up a trust account with tax savings
what is the role of the gatekeeper in a managed care health plan?
coordinate and oversee an individual’s care
this organization acts as “broker” between insurers and health care providers
preferred provider organizations (PPO)
What is the most important determinants of the health of a nation?
infant mortality rates
what determines the health status of a population?
infant mortality rate, life expectancy, and morbidity/mortality
the primary federal agency charged with providing health services to the public is the
United States Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS)
what federal agency is the frontline agency for providing national health security and must remain vigilant in the rapid detection of disease and controlling disease outbreaks in the US and abroad
Centers for Disease Control
As a condition of Medicare and Medicaid payment, the Patient Self-Determination Act requires health care facilities to have
- policies and procedures for advance directives
- individual choice in the medical record
- individual facility policies and policies
- facility staff and community education about advance directives
According to the IOM report “Keeping Patients Safe: Transforming the Work Environment of Nurses, what are the four main problem areas in nurses’ work environments?
- organizational management
- workforce management
- work design
- organizational culture
What are the accurate reflections of the recommended practices of IOM for promoting safety within the health care systems?
- promote health literacy
- improve transparency in the reporting of health information technology
- nurses demonstrates an understanding of the environment they work in
The nurse recognizes that the American Nurses Association (ANA) Code of Ethnics identifies expectations of ethical behavior through statements regarding what?
the primary goals, values, and obligations of the profession
The nurse instructs parents that their newborn must be placed in a car seat that faces the back of the seat in the back seat of the car supports the principle that overrides a person’s
autonomy
when a nurse utilizes aggressive action on behalf of a care recipient, he or she is considered to be practicing what
advocacy
in health promotion settings, individual autonomy may be limited by
the duty of protecting the health and safety of society
Why do infants in developed countries have better outcomes in natural diseases?
most infants in developed countries are breastfed
What does Anthrax cause?
skin lesions or pneumonia
What are the components in the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of malnutrition?
obesity, inadequate of vitamins/minerals, and inadequate protein intake
violence that is committed by an individual or a small group of people
interpersonal violence
What is Community-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA)?
potentially fatal skin infection that is difficult to treat
what is health indicators of a nation for and what are the two indicators?
standard measures used to compare the health status; life expectancy by gender and infant mortality rate
The patient for whom you are caring needs a liver transplant to survive. This patient has been out of work for serval months and doesn’t have health insurance of enough cash. What principle would be a priority in a discussion about ethics?
justice because the 1st and greatest question in this situation is how to determine the just distribution of resources
the point of the ethical principal to “do no harm” is an agreement to reassure the public that in all ways the heath care team not only works to heal patients but agree to do this in the least painful and harmful way possible. Which principle describes this agreements?
nonmaleficence
a child’s immunization may cause discomfort during administration, but the benefits of protection from disease, both for the individual and society, outweighs the temporary discomforts. Which principle is involved in this situation?
beneficence
When a nurse assesses a patient for pain and offers a plan to manage the pain, which principle is used to encourage the nurse to monitor the patient’s response to the pain?
fidelity
assess the patient’s point of view and prepare to articulate it
the nurse practicing patient advocacy
institutional ethics committees help to ensure that al participants involved in the ethical dilemma get a fair hearing and an opportunity to express values, feelings, and opinions as a way to find consensus is the best method of
negotiating or processing difficult ethical situations
- reforms promote the principle of beneficence, a hallmark of health care ethics
- purchasing health care insurance may become an obligation rather than a choice, a potential conflict between autonomy and beneficence
- lack of access to affordable health care causes harm, and nonmaleficence is a basic principle of health care ethics
explains how health care reform is an ethical issue
