NPT and global health Flashcards
What is the primary objective of the WHO Essential In Vitro Diagnostics List (EDL)?
a) To promote the development of new diagnostic technologies.
b) To regulate the pricing of in vitro diagnostics (IVDs).
c) To provide guidance on the most essential IVDs for healthcare systems.
d) To establish quality standards for IVD manufacturing.
c) To provide guidance on the most essential IVDs for healthcare systems.
How does the EDL complement the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (EML)?
a) By providing a list of alternative therapies to medicines.
b) By outlining the diagnostic tools needed to effectively utilize essential medicines.
c) By specifying the dosages and administration routes for essential medicines.
d) By identifying the contraindications and side effects of essential medicines.
b) By outlining the diagnostic tools needed to effectively utilize essential medicines.
Which of the following is NOT a strategic priority of the WHO Thirteenth General Programme of Work (GPW) addressed by IVDs?
a) Universal Health Coverage
b) Addressing Health Emergencies
c) Promoting Healthier Populations
d) Eradicating Poverty
d) Eradicating Poverty
What is the target year set by Sustainable Development Goal 3.8 for achieving universal health coverage?
a) 2025
b) 2030
c) 2035
d) 2040
b) 2030
Which of the following IVD categories is NOT considered a “General” category in the EDL?
a) Clinical Chemistry
b) HIV
c) Serology
d) Haematology
b) HIV
What is a key reason for the disparity in access to diagnostics between high-income and low-income countries?
a) Lack of trained healthcare personnel in low-income countries.
b) Higher prevalence of diseases in low-income countries.
c) Concentration of investment in diagnostic technologies in high-income countries.
d) Cultural barriers to healthcare utilization in low-income countries.
c) Concentration of investment in diagnostic technologies in high-income countries.
What has been a consequence of increased investment in diagnostic technologies in high-income countries?
a) A decrease in the development of new treatment options.
b) A shift in focus from preventative healthcare to diagnostic services.
c) The development of more sophisticated technologies to differentiate and monitor diseases.
d) A reduction in the cost of essential medicines.
c) The development of more sophisticated technologies to differentiate and monitor diseases.
What percentage of people infected with Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) are estimated to be diagnosed?
a) 10%
b) 20%
c) 50%
d) 80%
b) 20%
What is the recommended duration of treatment for Hepatitis C?
a) 1 month
b) 3 months
c) 6 months
d) 12 months
b) 3 months
What type of sample can be used with the OraQuick HCV rapid test?
a) Urine
b) Saliva
c) Stool
d) Cerebrospinal fluid
b) Saliva
What is a limitation of the OraQuick HCV test compared to laboratory-based testing?
a) Lower sensitivity for oral fluid samples
b) Higher cost per test
c) Longer turnaround time
d) Requirement for specialized equipment
a) Lower sensitivity for oral fluid samples
Approximately how many deaths per year are projected to be caused by antimicrobial resistance (AMR) by 2050?
a) One million
b) Ten million
c) Fifty million
d) One hundred million
b) Ten million
Which of the following is NOT an objective of the WHO plan to reduce AMR?
a) Develop new antibiotics.
b) Optimize antimicrobial usage.
c) Increase investment in diagnostics.
d) Improve infection prevention measures.
a) Develop new antibiotics.
What is the target analyte in the S. aureus POC test described in the lecture?
a) Bacterial DNA
b) S. aureus peptide substrate
c) Antibodies against S. aureus
d) Bacterial toxins
a) Bacterial DNA
How long did it take to establish diagnostics capacity during the 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak?
a) 1 month
b) 6 months
c) 1 year
d) 2 years
b) 6 months
According to the lecture, how could early diagnosis have impacted the attack rate during the Ebola outbreak?
a) No significant impact.
b) Potentially reduced the attack rate from 80% to 0%.
c) Increased the attack rate due to false-positive results.
d) Delayed the implementation of effective treatment strategies.
b) Potentially reduced the attack rate from 80% to 0%.
What type of diagnostic test is the OraQuick® Ebola test?
a) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
b) Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT)
c) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
d) Culture-based method
b) Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT)
Which regulatory framework governs IVD tests for COVID-19 in the European Union?
a) In Vitro Diagnostic Regulation (IVDR)
b) In Vitro Diagnostic Directive (IVDD)
c) Medical Device Regulation (MDR)
d) Medical Device Directive (MDD)
a) In Vitro Diagnostic Regulation (IVDR)
What is the primary function of antibody tests for COVID-19?
a) To diagnose a current infection.
b) To detect the presence of the virus in the body.
c) To identify individuals who have been vaccinated against COVID-19.
d) To indicate past or recent infection by detecting antibodies produced by the immune system.
d) To indicate past or recent infection by detecting antibodies produced by the immune system.
