NPR:last minute for stupid q's Flashcards
bacteria and viral evaion has been done for this
name bacteria for two types of enterotoxin-based diseases
- Infectious diarrhea: Vibrio cholera, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae and Campylobacter jejuni 2. Food poisoning Bacillus cereus or Staphylcoccus aureus
(GI TRACT)
Bacteria that produce pyrogenic exotoxins(Stimulate cytokine release)
Staphylcoccus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes
Examples of miscellaneous exotoxin, and what is different about them
specific to a certain bacterium and/or function not well understood Bacillus anthracis and Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Communicable diseases occurring in Europe
1) Respiratory tract infections 2) Sexually transmitted infections, including HIV and blood-borne viruses 3) Food- and waterborne diseases and zoonoses 4) Emerging and vector-borne diseases 5) Vaccine-preventable diseases 6) Antimicrobial resistance and healthcare-associated infections
Give example of BACTERIAL resp tract infections
Legionnaires’ disease (legionellosis) Legionella pneumophila (Gram -) Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Gram +)
Success rate of treatments for TB
72% success rate of treatment of new cases Treatment success rate for second infection is 54% Multi drug resistant (MDR) treatment success rate in is 32%
List common bacterial STI
Chlamydia trachomatis infection Gonorrhoea Syphilis
Most common food- and waterborne diseases
Campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter sp. mostely C. jejuni) Salmonellosis (- Salmonella sp.) Cholera (Vibrio cholerae) Listeriosis (Listeria monocytogenes)
T/F campylobacter sp. (mainly C jejuni) is usually a cause of epidemics What is the highest risk group
F Usually sporadic cases and not outbreaks Small children 0-4 years – highest risk group
Risk group for listeria monocytogenes
Risk group immuno-compromised, elderly, pregnant and their fetus
What are the bacterial emerging and vector borne diseases and hat are they caused by
Plague (Yersinia pestis; Gram-) Q fever (Coxiella burnetti; Gram –)
Which vaccine preventable diseases are bacteria
Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease Diphtheria Invasive meningococcal disease Invasive pneumococcal disease Pertussis Tetanus
What are these vaccine preventable disease cause by and what gram type: Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease Diphtheria Invasive meningococcal disease Invasive pneumococcal disease Pertussis Tetanus Diphtheria Invasive meningococcal disease Invasive pneumococcal disease Pertussis Tetanus
Haemophilus influenzae (-ve) Clostridium diphtheriae (Gram +) Neisseria meningitidis (gram -ve) Streptococcus pneumoniae Gram + (Bordetella pertussis Gram -) (Clostridium tetani Gram +)
Which pathogens ar ea major problem in hospitals Gram neg or pos
Enterococcus faecium (+ve) Staphylococcus aureus (+ve) Clostridium difficle (+ve) Acinetobacter baumanii (-ve_ Pseudomonas aeruginosa (-ve) Enterobacteriaceae (-ve)
Give examples of Enterobacteriaceae
E.coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter sp.
State the drug resistance of the following Enterococcus faecium (+ve) Staphylococcus aureus (+ve) Clostridium difficle (+ve) Acinetobacter baumanii (-ve_ Pseudomonas aeruginosa (-ve) Enterobacteriaceae (-ve): -E.coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter sp.
Enterococcus faecium (vancomycin resistance) Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin resistant - MRSA) Clostridium difficile (can establish infection because of previous antibiotic treatment) Acinetobacter baumanii (highly drug resistant) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (multi drug resistant i.e fluoroquinolone-resistant) Enterobacteriaceae pathogenic E. coli (multi drug resistant) Klebsiella pneumoniae (multi drug resistant) Enterobacter species (multi drug resistant)
Which antibiotics is E. coli resistant to in many countries?
Cephalosporins
State the target proteins and the method of resistance to the following classes of antibiotics:
a. Cephalosporins
b. Carbapenems
c. Methicillin
d. Vancomycin
a. Cephalosporins
Target: Penicillin binding proteins (PBP)
Resistance: Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)
b. Carbapenems
Target: PBP
Resistance: Carbapenemase enzymes
c. Methicillin
Target: PBP
Resistance: alternative target (PBP2A), which has low affinity for methicillin and can function in its presence
d. Vancomycin
Target: peptidoglycan precursor
Resistance: synthesis of a different peptidoglycan precursor
Which antibiotics is E. coli still sensitive to?
Carbapenems
State the drug resistance of the following Enterococcus faecium (+ve) Staphylococcus aureus (+ve) Clostridium difficle (+ve) Acinetobacter baumanii (-ve_ Pseudomonas aeruginosa (-ve) Enterobacteriaceae (-ve): -E.coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter sp.
Enterococcus faecium (vancomycin resistance) Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin resistant - MRSA) Clostridium difficile (can establish infection because of previous antibiotic treatment) Acinetobacter baumanii (highly drug resistant) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (multi drug resistant i.e fluoroquinolone-resistant) Enterobacteriaceae pathogenic E. coli (multi drug resistant) Klebsiella pneumoniae (multi drug resistant) Enterobacter species (multi drug resistant)
Give examples of Enterobacteriaceae
E.coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter sp.
Which pathogens ar ea major problem in hospitals Gram neg or pos
Enterococcus faecium (+ve) Staphylococcus aureus (+ve) Clostridium difficle (+ve) Acinetobacter baumanii (-ve_ Pseudomonas aeruginosa (-ve) Enterobacteriaceae (-ve)
What are these vaccine preventable disease cause by and what gram type: Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease Diphtheria Invasive meningococcal disease Invasive pneumococcal disease Pertussis Tetanus Diphtheria Invasive meningococcal disease Invasive pneumococcal disease Pertussis Tetanus
Haemophilus influenzae (-ve) Clostridium diphtheriae (Gram +) Neisseria meningitidis (gram -ve) Streptococcus pneumoniae Gram + (Bordetella pertussis Gram -) (Clostridium tetani Gram +)
Which vaccine preventable diseases are bacteria
Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease Diphtheria Invasive meningococcal disease Invasive pneumococcal disease Pertussis Tetanus
What are the bacterial emerging and vector borne diseases and hat are they caused by
Plague (Yersinia pestis; Gram-) Q fever (Coxiella burnetti; Gram –)
How do HSV 1 prevent interfere with cellular immunity
HSV ICP47 blocks access of the processed peptide to TAP
How can adenovirus effect cellular immnity
Adenovirus E3-19K prevents recruitment of TAP to tapasin and also retains MHC in the endoplasmic reticulum
How does EBV evade cellular immunity
EBV EBNA1 cannot be processed by the proteasome so the viral protein cannot be chopped up and put into the ER so it cannot be presented in MHC class 1 to activate T cell
How does CMV evade cellular immunity
CMV US6 stops ATP binding to TAP preventing translocation .CMV US3 binds tapasin and prevent peptides being loaded to MHC (i.e. cuts off the energy to TAP so peptides can’t get into the ER and thus cannot be associated with the MHC molecules and cannot be presented to the T cells)
How does the KSHV (HHV8) evade cellular immunity
KSHV kK3 protein induces polyubiquitinylation and internalization of MHC. From the internalized endosome, MHC is passed to lysosomes where it is degraded. Cannot present viral proteins to the T cell
How does HPV evade the immune response
Both cellular and innate response Just note that because HPV has a small genome, its proteins often do diverse range of functions E6/E7 are oncogenic (interfere with cell cycle), but they are also binding to proteins involved in the interferon detection pathway (cGAS, STING etc) and the IFN-a effector pathway (innate). E7 also prevents transcription of MHC and TAP proteins E5 holds onto the MHC class 1 molecule in the ER and the golgi and prevents it from being transported to the surface (cellular)….. BUT think about the consequence of loss of MHC
How does HPV evade the immune response
Both cellular and innate response Just note that because HPV has a small genome, its proteins often do diverse range of functions E6/E7 are oncogenic (interfere with cell cycle), but they are also binding to proteins involved in the interferon detection pathway (cGAS, STING etc) and the IFN-a effector pathway (innate). E7 also prevents transcription of MHC and TAP proteins E5 holds onto the MHC class 1 molecule in the ER and the golgi and prevents it from being transported to the surface (cellular)….. BUT think about the consequence of loss of MHC
Name of the influenza strain for season flu
H3N2
Which part of HIV helps it to evade antibodies
HIV env spike gp120 resists neutralization
What receptor does measles use and thus what is its tropism
MV infects CD150 (=SLAM) positive cells, including memory lymphocytes and erases immunological memory.
