Bacteria: part 1

Question 1

structural difference in organisation of cell contents between bacteria and eukaryotic cells

Answer 1

Bacteria do not have organelles (different to eukaryotes)

Question 2

What kind of appendages coul dbacteria have? Does this affec virulence

Answer 2

Hypha/stalks Yes may do

Question 3

Examples of miscellaneous exotoxin, and what is different about them

Answer 3

specific to a certain bacterium and/or function not well understood Bacillus anthracis and Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Question 4

Differentiate gram positive and gram negative

Answer 4

Gram +ve= big cell wall, 1 lipid bilayer Gram -ve= small cell wall, 2 lipid bilayers

Question 5

Differentiate endotoxin shock and septic shock

Answer 5

different effectors molecules in Gram-positive bacteria or even fungi can trigger this adverse immune response – so the term septic shock is inclusive (of endotoxin shock and other shocks too)

Question 6

What usually causes haemolytic-uraemic syndrome

Answer 6

Shiga toxin producing E. coli strain

Question 7

What 2 plasmids are contained in EAEC

Answer 7

pAA-type plasmids - contains the aggregative adhesion fimbrial operon ESBL plasmid - harbors the genes encoding for extended-spectrum b-lactamases (i.e. beta lactam resistant)

Question 8

What happens to the cell when AFF binds

Answer 8

Lead to the disruption of actin cytoskeleton leading to exfoliations

Question 9

Communicable diseases occurring in Europe

Answer 9

1) Respiratory tract infections 2) Sexually transmitted infections, including HIV and blood-borne viruses 3) Food- and waterborne diseases and zoonoses 4) Emerging and vector-borne diseases 5) Vaccine-preventable diseases 6) Antimicrobial resistance and healthcare-associated infections

Question 10

What is latent TB

Answer 10

M. tuberculosis can enter a dormant state Latent TB - evidence of infection by immunological tests but no clinical signs and symptoms of active disease

Question 11

What is most common STI in europe

Answer 11

Chlamydia

Question 12

What other disease can Chlamydia trachomatis cause

Answer 12

Other parts of the world –> Eye infection Blindness

Question 13

T/f salmonella sp. is associated with outbreaks

Answer 13

T

Question 14

What are the bacterial emerging and vector borne diseases and hat are they caused by

Answer 14

Plague (Yersinia pestis; Gram-) Q fever (Coxiella burnetti; Gram –)

Question 15

Which vaccine preventable diseases are bacteria

Answer 15

Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease Diphtheria Invasive meningococcal disease Invasive pneumococcal disease Pertussis Tetanus

Question 16

What are these vaccine preventable disease cause by and what gram type: Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease Diphtheria Invasive meningococcal disease Invasive pneumococcal disease Pertussis Tetanus Diphtheria Invasive meningococcal disease Invasive pneumococcal disease Pertussis Tetanus

Answer 16

Haemophilus influenzae (-ve) Clostridium diphtheriae (Gram +) Neisseria meningitidis (gram -ve) Streptococcus pneumoniae Gram + (Bordetella pertussis Gram -) (Clostridium tetani Gram +)

Question 17

Which pathogens ar ea major problem in hospitals Gram neg or pos

Answer 17

Enterococcus faecium (+ve) Staphylococcus aureus (+ve) Clostridium difficle (+ve) Acinetobacter baumanii (-ve_ Pseudomonas aeruginosa (-ve) Enterobacteriaceae (-ve)

Question 18

Outline pathogenic e. coli

Answer 18

Most frequent cause of bacteraemia by a Gram-negative bacterium Most frequent cause of community and hospital acquired UTI

Question 19

Which antibiotics is E. coli still sensitive to?

Answer 19

Carbapenems

Question 20

State the target proteins and the method of resistance to the following classes of antibiotics:

a. Cephalosporins
b. Carbapenems
c. Methicillin
d. Vancomycin

Answer 20

a. Cephalosporins
Target: Penicillin binding proteins (PBP)
Resistance: Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)
b. Carbapenems
Target: PBP
Resistance: Carbapenemase enzymes
c. Methicillin
Target: PBP
Resistance: alternative target (PBP2A), which has low affinity for methicillin and can function in its presence
d. Vancomycin
Target: peptidoglycan precursor
Resistance: synthesis of a different peptidoglycan precursor