Bacteria: part 1 Flashcards
structural difference in organisation of cell contents between bacteria and eukaryotic cells
Bacteria do not have organelles (different to eukaryotes)
What kind of appendages coul dbacteria have? Does this affec virulence
Hypha/stalks Yes may do
Examples of miscellaneous exotoxin, and what is different about them
specific to a certain bacterium and/or function not well understood Bacillus anthracis and Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Differentiate gram positive and gram negative
Gram +ve= big cell wall, 1 lipid bilayer Gram -ve= small cell wall, 2 lipid bilayers
Differentiate endotoxin shock and septic shock
different effectors molecules in Gram-positive bacteria or even fungi can trigger this adverse immune response – so the term septic shock is inclusive (of endotoxin shock and other shocks too)
What usually causes haemolytic-uraemic syndrome
Shiga toxin producing E. coli strain
What 2 plasmids are contained in EAEC
pAA-type plasmids - contains the aggregative adhesion fimbrial operon ESBL plasmid - harbors the genes encoding for extended-spectrum b-lactamases (i.e. beta lactam resistant)
What happens to the cell when AFF binds
Lead to the disruption of actin cytoskeleton leading to exfoliations
Communicable diseases occurring in Europe
1) Respiratory tract infections 2) Sexually transmitted infections, including HIV and blood-borne viruses 3) Food- and waterborne diseases and zoonoses 4) Emerging and vector-borne diseases 5) Vaccine-preventable diseases 6) Antimicrobial resistance and healthcare-associated infections
What is latent TB
M. tuberculosis can enter a dormant state Latent TB - evidence of infection by immunological tests but no clinical signs and symptoms of active disease
What is most common STI in europe
Chlamydia
What other disease can Chlamydia trachomatis cause
Other parts of the world –> Eye infection Blindness
T/f salmonella sp. is associated with outbreaks
T
What are the bacterial emerging and vector borne diseases and hat are they caused by
Plague (Yersinia pestis; Gram-) Q fever (Coxiella burnetti; Gram –)
Which vaccine preventable diseases are bacteria
Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease Diphtheria Invasive meningococcal disease Invasive pneumococcal disease Pertussis Tetanus
What are these vaccine preventable disease cause by and what gram type: Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease Diphtheria Invasive meningococcal disease Invasive pneumococcal disease Pertussis Tetanus Diphtheria Invasive meningococcal disease Invasive pneumococcal disease Pertussis Tetanus
Haemophilus influenzae (-ve) Clostridium diphtheriae (Gram +) Neisseria meningitidis (gram -ve) Streptococcus pneumoniae Gram + (Bordetella pertussis Gram -) (Clostridium tetani Gram +)
Which pathogens ar ea major problem in hospitals Gram neg or pos
Enterococcus faecium (+ve) Staphylococcus aureus (+ve) Clostridium difficle (+ve) Acinetobacter baumanii (-ve_ Pseudomonas aeruginosa (-ve) Enterobacteriaceae (-ve)
Outline pathogenic e. coli
Most frequent cause of bacteraemia by a Gram-negative bacterium Most frequent cause of community and hospital acquired UTI
Which antibiotics is E. coli still sensitive to?
Carbapenems
State the target proteins and the method of resistance to the following classes of antibiotics:
a. Cephalosporins
b. Carbapenems
c. Methicillin
d. Vancomycin
a. Cephalosporins
Target: Penicillin binding proteins (PBP)
Resistance: Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)
b. Carbapenems
Target: PBP
Resistance: Carbapenemase enzymes
c. Methicillin
Target: PBP
Resistance: alternative target (PBP2A), which has low affinity for methicillin and can function in its presence
d. Vancomycin
Target: peptidoglycan precursor
Resistance: synthesis of a different peptidoglycan precursor
