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Grammar > Nouns > Flashcards

Nouns Flashcards

1
Q

Nouns

A

Nouns are naming words. They name people, places, things, & ideas.

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2
Q

The word noun comes from…

A

The Latin word ‘nomen’ meaning ‘name’.

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3
Q

What’s one way to test if a word is a noun?

A

Add a preposition to it, and see if it makes sense.

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4
Q

What are the two types of nouns?

A

Common and proper

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5
Q

Common noun

A

General nouns that do not begin with capital letters, unless they start a sentence.

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6
Q

Proper nouns

A

Nouns that refer to specific people, places, or things. Proper nouns always begin with capital letters.

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7
Q

Rules for capitalizing proper nouns

A

Always capitalize:

  • names of specific people
  • names of specific places
  • names of specific organizations, agencies, or bodies
  • names of historical events, periods, and documents
  • names of days, months, holidays, and special days of observance
  • titles of rank or respect before a name
  • the principal words in titles of books, magazines, articles, plays, movies, songs, or pieces of art [articles, conjunctions, and prepositions are not capitalized in titles unless they begin the title]
  • words that show a family relationship when they are used as names and when they are used with names
  • words referring to deities or holy books
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8
Q

Nouns are characterized by what four properties?

A

Gender, number, person, and case

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9
Q

What’s an example of gendered nouns in English?

A

Actor/actress
Hero/heroine
Duke/duchess

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10
Q

Singular nouns

A

Nouns that refer to just one of anything

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11
Q

Plural nouns

A

Nouns that refer to more than one of anything. Usually requires a change to the noun.

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12
Q

General pluralizing rule

A

For most nouns add an -s or -es to the end to make it plural.

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13
Q

When do you add an -s to nouns to make them plural?

A

When they end with a sound that melds smoothly with s.

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14
Q

When do you add -es to nouns to make them plural? What do you do for words that end in z?

A

When a noun ends with a sibilant sound, which doesn’t meld smoothly with s.

For words that end in z like quiz add another z then the -es [quizzes].

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15
Q

How to make a noun that ends in y plural

A

When the noun ends in y preceded by a consonant, make it an i and add -es. [count qu as a consonant]

When the noun ends in y preceded by a vowel, add an -s.

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16
Q

Plurals of nouns ending in f or fe

A

Look up

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17
Q

Plurals of nouns ending in o

A

Look up

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18
Q 
Irregular plurals: 
foot
mouse
woman
man
tooth
goose
ox
child
fish
sheep
moose
A 
Feet
Mice
Women
Men
Teeth
Geese
Oxen
Children
Fish (ex. The fish are jumping) or fishes (ex. We caught multiple species of fishes on our trip)
Sheep
Moose
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19
Q

Plurals of compound words with hyphens

A

Pluralize the most important word (ex. chief of staff -> chiefs of staff or runner-up -> runners-up)

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20
Q

How do you pluralize a number like 757?

A

Just add an -s. 757s.

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21
Q

How do you form the plural of single letters? For example, p.

A

Add an -‘s. P’s.

22
Q

How do you form a plural for strings of multiple letters?

A

Add -s without an apostrophe (ex. IOUs)

23
Q

How do you form a plural of abbreviations with internal periods? (C.P.A.)

A

Add apostrophe -s. C.P.A.’s

24
Q

How do you form a plural of abbreviations that end with periods but have no internal periods?

A

Add -s before the terminal period (ex. There are ten vols. in the set.)

25
Q

How do you form a plural of abbreviations without a period?

A

Add an -s (ex. kgs)

26
Q

How do you pluralize a word not normally able to be made plural?

A

Just add an -s (ex. The dos and don’ts)

27
Q

Collective nouns

A

Non-plural nouns that name a group of people or objects. Can be treated as singular or plural depending on usage.

28
Q

In the sentence “we, the people, seek to form a more perfect union”, people is written in _____ person. How do you know?

A

First person. A noun in first person names the person or persons speaking.

29
Q

A noun in first person names

A

The person or persons speaking

30
Q

A noun in second person names

A

the person or persons spoken to

31
Q

In the sentence, “John, please pass the salt.” John is a ____ person noun. How do you know?

A

Second person. Because it is naming the person being spoken to, John.

32
Q

a noun in third person names the

A

Person or persons spoken of

33
Q

In the sentence “the knight defeated the dragon”, knight and dragon are in _____ person. How do you know?

A

Third person.

Because the knight and dragon are being spoken of, they aren’t speaking or being spoken to.

34
Q

In grammar, case describes

A

The syntactical relationship of a noun or pronoun to the other words in the sentence

35
Q

What are the three cases?

A

Nominative, possessive, and objective

36
Q

Nominative case

A

Nouns in the nominative case name the words that statements are made about. They can be the subjects of sentences or subject complements.

37
Q

What is a subject complement?

A

Also called a predicate nominative, it’s nouns which follow a linking verb and describe the subject of the sentence. The subject complement and subject must always agree in case, person, number and gender because they refer to the same individual.

38
Q

Direct objects

A

The targets of the actions of verbs

39
Q

Indirect objects

A

The objects that are the recipients of the actions of verbs and that precede the direct objects in sentences

40
Q

Nouns in the objective case are

A
  1. Direct objects
  2. Indirect objects
    Or 3. Objects of prepositions or objects of verbals
41
Q

Possessive case

A

Nouns in the possessive case show ownership. Nouns in the possessive case do differ in form from nouns in the nominative and objective cases.

42
Q

To make a singular noun possessive you

A

Add an apostrophe -s - even if the word ends in an s.

43
Q

To make a plural noun possessive you

A

add an apostrophe -s - unless the word ends in an s already. Then you just add an apostrophe. Ex. Girls -> girls’

44
Q

How would you make sister-in-law or chiefs of staff possessive?

A

Add an apostrophe -s
Sister-in-law’s
Chiefs of staff’s

45
Q

Can inanimate objects have possession?

A

No, but popular usage has given some inanimate objects their rights to possessive case forms. Ex. The sun’s rays

46
Q

What is personification?

A

The act of treating an inanimate object, non-human, or an idea as if it had human qualities.

47
Q

What is a heteronym? Give two examples

A

Words that have identical spellings but different pronunciations and spellings.

Row / row
Lead / lead

48
Q

What is a homonym?

A

Words that have the same sound and spelling but different meaning.

49
Q

What is a nominal?

A

A nominal, or substantive, is any noun or pronoun OR any word, phrase, or clause that performs the same function as a noun.

50
Q

What is a noun phrase?

A

A word or group of words that consists of a single noun or noun and a number of optional modifiers. It lacks a subject or a predicate. They are nominals or substantives.

51
Q

What is an appositive?

A

A word, phrase, or clause that is placed beside another word to rename, explain, or enhance it. The appositive is a nominal or substantive set off by commas from the word which it identifies. One of the benefits of an appositive is the ability to combine separate ideas into a single, clear sentence.

52
Q

What is restrictive and nonrestrictive information? How are they punctuated?

A

Nonrestrictive information is nonessential, and is always set off from the rest of the sentence by commas.

Ex. Your friend has only one brother and says “My brother, Peter, sent me a chess set for Christmas.”

Restrictive information is essential, and is never punctuated.

Ex. Your friend has multiple brothers and says “My brother Peter sent me a chess set for Christmas.”

Grammar (8 decks)

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